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Operazionnie ysiliteli ,ZAP/AZP & (продолжение)
milstar: 1941: First (vacuum tube) op-amp An op-amp, defined as a general-purpose, DC-coupled, high gain, inverting feedback amplifier, is first found in US Patent 2,401,779 "Summing Amplifier" filed by Karl D. Swartzel Jr. of Bell labs in 1941. This design used three vacuum tubes to achieve a gain of 90dB and operated on voltage rails of ±350V. ###################################################### It had a single inverting input rather than differential inverting and non-inverting inputs, as are common in today's op-amps. Throughout World War II, Swartzel's design proved its value by being liberally used in the M9 artillery director designed at Bell Labs. ######################################################################### This artillery director worked with the SCR584 radar system to achieve extraordinary hit rates (near 90%) that ####################################################################### would not have been possible otherwise.[3] ########################### http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier
milstar: 1. РЛС Су-57 двухдиапазонная L and X Band (7.6-8.4 ghz) 2. Диапазон 750-1250 mhz важен не только для более точного обнаружения малозаметных целей но и для всепогодности в условиях морского климата вращающееся aнтенна в диапазоне L 7.5x3 метра для АФАР с полным заполнением (h/2 for 1000 mhz 750-1250 mhz) потребует примерно 1000 аналогово-цифровых преобразователей для РЛС с полностью цифровым формированием луча Naval Research Laboratory Digital Beam Forming Radar #################################################### https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a403877.pdf AD9625 price 642$ per 1 https://www.analog.com/en/products/ad9625.html#product-overview https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD9625.pdf можно использовать двойное преобразование частоты 420 mhz and 70 mhz and strech processing https://www.ll.mit.edu/sites/default/files/page/doc/2018-05/21_1_7_Eshbaugh.pdf тогда подойдет AD9467 approx 120$ per 1 +стоимость смесителей и фильтров https://www.analog.com/en/products/ad9467.html mixer https://www.markimicrowave.com/mixers/mixers-products.aspx?utm_source=home&utm_medium=icon&utm_campaign=mixers ########## Naval Research Laboratory Digital Beam Forming Radar https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a403877.pdf в образцах на линках ниже идеи NRL нереализованны,причина отсутствие на момент разработки ad9625 with SFDR 80 dbc at 1 ghz ,также цена в России тоже возможно , при наличии соответствующей российской аналоговой схемотехники и желания (! не лозунгов -"Мы переходим на цифру") главкома https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/smart-l-mm https://lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed-martin/rms/documents/ground-based-air-surveillance-radars/FPS-117-fact-sheet.pdf но сейчас вполне возможно реализовать
milstar: Госкорпорация «Ростех» направила в адрес Правительства дорожную карту мероприятий по формированию высокотехнологичной области «Новые поколения микроэлектроники и создание электронной компонентной базы». Согласно документу на развитие российской микроэлектроники потребуется 798 млрд руб. до 2024 г. https://www.cnews.ru/news/top/2020-09-07_rossijskaya_mikroelektronika План, в частности, включает разработку чипов с топологическими нормами 65 (55) нм, 28 нм, 14 нм и твердотельных накопителей данных с топологической нормой 25-30 нм. В феврале 2020 г. куратором высокотехнологичной области «Новые поколения микроэлектроники и создание электронной компонентной базы» был назначен вице-премьер Юрий Борисов, профильным совещательным органом – коллегия Военно-промышленной комиссии, ответственными ведомствами – Минпромторг, Минэкономразвития, Минфин и Минобрнауки. https://www.cnews.ru/news/top/2020-09-07_rossijskaya_mikroelektronika
milstar: https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/adc12dj5200rf.pdf?ts=1601221923797&ref_url=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.ti.com%252Fdata-converters%252Fadc-circuit%252Fhigh-speed%252Fproducts.html в отличие от ad9625 12 bit SFDR 80dbc at 1000 mhz 2 GSPS 645 $ 12 bit ADC12DJ5200RF - RF-sampling 12-bit ADC with dual-channel 5.2 GSPS or single-channel 10.4 GSPS folding interpolation latency меньше ,SFDR хуже на 10 дб а цена в 4 раза выше
milstar: AD9213 12 bit 10 GSPS ADC ARCHITECTURE The architecture of the AD9213 consists of an input buffered, pipelined ADC. https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/ad9213.pdf Table 28. Typical Latency Through the ADC + DSP Blocks (Number of Sample Clocks)1
milstar: The AD9625 architecture includes two DDCs, each designed to extract a portion of the full digital spectrum captured by the ADC. Each tuner consists of an independent frequency synthesizer and quadrature mixer; a chain of low-pass filters for rate conversion follows these components. Assuming a sampling frequency of 2.500 GSPS, the frequency synthesizer (10-bit NCO) allows for 1024 discrete tuning frequencies, ranging from −1.2499 GHz to +1.2500 GHz, in steps of 2500/1024 = 2.44 MHz. The low-pass filters allow for two modes of decimation. A high bandwidth mode, 240 MHz wide (from −120 MHz to +120 MHz), sampled at 2.5 GHz/8 = 312.5 MHz for the I and Q branches separately. The 16-bit samples from the I and Q branches are transmitted through a dedicated JESD204B interface. A low bandwidth mode, 120 MHz wide (from −60 MHz to +60 MHz), sampled at 2.5 GHz/16 = 156.25 MHz for the I and Q branches separately. The 16-bit samples from the I and Q branches are transmitted through a dedicated JESD204B interface.
milstar: Filters become more complex as the transition band becomes sharper, all other things being equal. For instance, a Butterworth filter gives 6-dB attenuation per octave for each filter pole (as do all filters). Achieving 60-dB attenuation in a transition region between 1 MHz and 2 MHz (1 octave) requires a minimum of 10 poles—not a trivial filter, and definitely a design challenge. https://www.analog.com/media/en/training-seminars/tutorials/MT-002.pdf The antialiasing filter design process is started by choosing an initial sampling rate of 2.5 to 4 times fa. Determine the filter specifications based on the required dynamic range and see if such a filter is realizable within the constraints of the system cost and performance. If not, consider a higher sampling rate which may require using a faster ADC. It should be mentioned that sigma-delta ADCs are inherently highly oversampled converters, and the resulting relaxation in the analog anti-aliasing filter requirements is therefore an added benefit of this architecture. The antialiasing filter requirements can also be relaxed somewhat if it is certain that there will never be a full-scale signal at the stopband frequency fs – fa. In many applications, it is improbable that full-scale signals will occur at this frequency. If the maximum signal at the frequency fs – fawill never exceed X dB below full-scale, then the filter stopband attenuation requirement can be reduced by that same amount. The new requirement for stopband attenuation at fs – fabased on this knowledge of the signal is now only DR – X dB. W
milstar: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/tech-articles/Review-of-Wideband-RF-Receiver-Architecture-Options.pdf A Review of Wideband RF Receiver Architecture Options
milstar: https://archive.ll.mit.edu/HPEC/agendas/proc09/Day2/S4_1405_Song_presentation.pdf https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/119717/1078637048-MIT.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y ad9625 2-2.6 GSPS SFDR 80 dbc at 1000 mhz NLEQ добавит 10 db это уже приличный результат для радара с полностью цифровым формированием луча https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a403877.pdf в диапазоне L 750-1250 mhz данный диапазон наиболее подходит для климатических условий северной атлантики в Су-57 тоже используется L диапазон и X диапазон (7.6-8.4 ghz or some 1 ghz in 8-12 ghz)
milstar: http://www.syntezmicro.ru/uploads/files/pub/Article27.pdf
milstar: 1. Географические климатические условия Гибель Испанской армады потеря флота Хубилая при попытке высадки в Японию «Божественный ветер» будет бушевать двое суток, сметая всё на своём пути Жесткие требования мореходности ( 9000 т для консервативного проекта, нe с малой площади ватерлинии жесткие требования выбора диапазонов РЛС L 750-1250 mhz и X 7600-8400 mhz 2. РЛС диапазона L лучше в условиях плохой погоды для обнаружения малозаметных низколетящих крылатых ракет требует меньше компонентов для апертуры с полным заполнением, легче удовлетворить требования пo отводу тепла и компоненты более дешевы недостаток большая площадь апертуры,однако этот диапазон используется на фрегатах водоизмещением 4100 тонн AN/SPS-49 7.3 m × 4.3 m https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/SPS-49 в самолете СУ-57 ( площадь апертуры еще меньше ) 3. для сдвоенной апертуры (как в ФРЕГАТ-М2 ) Источник: http://bastion-karpenko.ru/fregat-m2em-rls/ ВТС «БАСТИОН» A.V.Karpenko с размерами 7.3 m × 4.3 m для АФАР с полным заполнением 1000 mhz h/2 =150 mm потребуется 2*49*30 э=2940 элементов 4. концепция повсеместного(ubiquitous ) радара Naval Research Laboratory https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a403877.pdf имеет ряд преимуществ пo сравнению с классической АФАР 5. в случае использования супергетеродина с 2 преобразованиями частоты 490 mhz ,70 mhz как в Радаре Cobra Dane https://fas.org/spp/military/program/track/cobra_dane.htm может быть реализована на "отечественных" аналого-цифровых преобразователях https://mri-progress.ru/products/bis-i-sbis/spetsialnye-sbis/sbis-16-razryadnogo-atsp/ СБИС 16-разрядного АЦП конвейерного типа с частотой дискретизации 200 МГц изготовлена по КМОП 90-нм технологии и предназначена для аналого-цифрового преобразования диффе- ренциальных аналоговых сигналов. В микросхеме реализован алгоритм встроенной калибров- ки передаточной характеристики. Функциональный аналог ADS5485 фирмы Texas Instruments. https://mri-progress.ru/products/all-lists/K5111HB015.pdf ############################################################### 6. в случае использования AD9625 12 bit 2-2.6 GSPS SFDR 80dbc возможен отказ от супергетеродина и смесителей RF Sampling NLEQ добавит 10 db to 80 dbc https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/tech-articles/Review-of-Wideband-RF-Receiver-Architecture-Options.pdf https://archive.ll.mit.edu/HPEC/agendas/proc09/Day2/S4_1405_Song_presentation.pdf https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/119717/1078637048-MIT.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y ad9625 2-2.6 GSPS SFDR 80 dbc at 1000 mhz NLEQ добавит 10 db это уже приличный результат для радара с полностью цифровым формированием луча ############################################# 7. AD9625 price 642$ per 1 https://www.analog.com/en/products/ad9625.html#product-overview https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD9625.pdf The AD9625 architecture includes two DDCs, each designed to extract a portion of the full digital spectrum captured by the ADC. Each tuner consists of an independent frequency synthesizer and quadrature mixer; a chain of low-pass filters for rate conversion follows these components. Assuming a sampling frequency of 2.500 GSPS, the frequency synthesizer (10-bit NCO) allows for 1024 discrete tuning frequencies, ranging from −1.2499 GHz to +1.2500 GHz, in steps of 2500/1024 = 2.44 MHz. The low-pass filters allow for two modes of decimation. A high bandwidth mode, 240 MHz wide (from −120 MHz to +120 MHz), sampled at 2.5 GHz/8 = 312.5 MHz for the I and Q branches separately. The 16-bit samples from the I and Q branches are transmitted through a dedicated JESD204B interface. A low bandwidth mode, 120 MHz wide (from −60 MHz to +60 MHz), sampled at 2.5 GHz/16 = 156.25 MHz for the I and Q branches separately. The 16-bit samples from the I and Q branches are transmitted through a dedicated JESD204B interface. 8. примеры различных РЛС диапазона L Su-57,Cobra Dane ,FPS-117, Gamma DE,AN/SPS-49,Protivnik ,smart-l mm http://ausairpower.net/APA-Rus-Low-Band-Radars.html#mozTocId829681 https://lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed-martin/rms/documents/ground-based-air-surveillance-radars/FPS-117-fact-sheet.pdf https://www.radartutorial.eu/19.kartei/01.oth/karte003.en.html https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/smart-l-mm
milstar: https://sktbes.com/pv5u-%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bf%d0%b8%d1%8f.html analog ad9650 1273НВ014 Шифр https://sktbes.com/okr.html Tел: +7 (473) 223-46-79 Факс: +7 (473) 223-66-96 E-mail: sktb@sktbes.ru Политика конфиденциальности
milstar: https://www.ti.com/lit/an/slaa594a/slaa594a.pdf
milstar: A single-core architecture also has advantages in terms of latency. Fore examples, latencies as low as 3 clock cycles as found with the EV12AS200 [2] are very useful in applications such as EW and tracking systems. SiGE 0.18 12 bit 1.5GSPS https://www.eenewsanalog.com/content/selecting-high-speed-adcs-high-frequency-applications/page/0/2
milstar: AD9213 achieves dynamic range and linearity performance while consuming <4.6 W typical. The device is based on an inter-leaved pipeline architecture and features a proprietary calibration ##### SFDR: 70 dBFS at 10 GSPS with −1 dBFS, 1000 MHz input SFDR excluding H2 and H3 (worst other spur): 89 dBFS at 10 GSPS with −1 dBFS, 1000 MHz input LATENCYPipeline Latency 367 Clock cycles Fast Detect Latency (FD) 170 Clock cycles https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/ad9213.pdf
milstar: the AD9625, based on 65 nm or finer CMOS process geometries https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/the-demand-for-digital.html#
milstar: Radar waveform bandwidths can vary dramatically depending on the application. For example, some synthetic aperture imaging radar waveforms require hundreds of MHz while tracking radars may use wave forms that are tens of MHz wide or even less. https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/the-demand-for-digital.html# For example, consider radar using a 30 MHz bandwidth waveform at an IF of 800 MHz. If this is sampled using an ADC at a sample rate of 2.0 GSPS to a resolution of 12 bits, the output bandwidth of the data would be 1000 MHz, far in excess of the signal bandwidth, and the output data rate from the converter would be 3.0 GBps. If the data is decimated by a factor of 16 using a DDC, not only does the decimation provide some increased noise reduction but the output data rate is reduced to below 625 MBps, which enables data transportation using only a single JESD204B lane! This significantly reduces the overall system power required. With the ability to dynamically configure the DDCs or bypass them as needed, new high speed ADCs provide the option of switching between different modes to support power and implement optimized solutions as needed and enable the feature sets needed for cognitive radar applications.
milstar: Electronic Countermeasures systemsneed to analyze wide bandwidths with low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) to detect critical, time sensitive threats. One way to achieve this is to channelize the wide bandwidth to separate signals of interest from noise and interferers through a filter bank and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/programmable/us/en/pdfs/literature/ds/channelizer-jesd204-datasheet.pdf
milstar: Furthermore, the stopband attenuation should be enough to reduce any residual out-of-band signal power to a level invisible to the ADC. You achieve this performance by employing stopband attenuation in excess of the dynamic range of the ADC (Figure 2 ). Assume that the stopband extends to infinity. Applications encountering high noise levels, especially those with high levels of interference occurring close to the edge of the first Nyquist zone, require filters with aggressive falloff. You achieve this performance using high-order filters that typically exhibit poor phase performance and result in dispersion or large group delay. In antialiasing filters, filtering takes place before the time-sampling point, or quantizer; these filters consequently require the use of an analog filter. This requirement is unfortunate because you can more easily and cost-effectively implement aggressive filters in the digital domain. High-order analog filters provide low harmonic distortion and gain flatness to in-band signals. However, the design of these filters is complex because they are too sensitive to gain matching to be practical at more than a few orders of attenuation magnitude. Furthermore, any passband harmonic distortion the filter introduces also produces undesirable signals in the output spectrum of the ADC. Insertion loss might also be important when using passive filters, which increase system noise. https://www.edn.com/designing-antialias-filters-for-adcs/ N-bit ADC: SNR=6.02×N+1.76 dB. For a 14-bit ADC, this approximation requires 80- to 86-dB attenuation with an ideal SNR of approximately 86 dB. A number of standardized filter-transfer functions, including Bessel, Butterworth, Chebyshev, and elliptic, exist. Each has specific characteristics in the passband, transition band, and stopband. Selecting the appropriate topology depends on the most critical performance aspects of a design. Butterworth filters have the flattest passband region and minimal group delays. Chebyshev filters have steeper roll-offs but more passband ripple. Elliptic filters feature the steepest roll-off (Figure 3 ). The figure does not show a Bessel filter, which has a more gradual roll-off but has the key advantage of a linear, or constant, phase response. A number of public-domain tools exist to help developers in the design of a suitable antialiasing filter. Consider an aggressive, eight-pole filter. Inspection shows that the 80-dB-attenuation point occurs at a frequency that is 3.2 times the cutoff frequency, 8 pole Butterworth ################ Note that, by convention, the cutoff frequency is the point at which the filter produces 3 dB of attenuation. You must also consider the phase response of the antialiasing filters. A filtered signal should not see any significant phase alteration. This alteration becomes even worse if phase varies according to input frequency. You normally measure phase variation in a filter in terms of group delay—that is, the derivative of phase with respect to frequency. For a nonconstant group delay, a signal spreads out in time, causing poor impulse response. Dispersion may be an additional worry for system performance. This factor is important in the design of ultrasound systems in which the received-signal phase carries reflection information.
milstar: The Butterworth filter should be chosen if amplitude accuracy is the paramount concern The Chebyshev filter would be the filter of choice if the desired sampling rate is close to the signal bandwidth The Bessel filter is the best choice if pulse fidelity is the primary concern 8th-order filter has a roll-off rate of 48 dB per octave or 160 dB per decade.
milstar: Butterworth filters have fairly good amplitude and transient behavior. The Chebyshev filters improve on the amplitude response at the expense of transient behavior. The Bessel filter is optimized to obtain better transient response due to a linear phase (i.e. constant delay) in the passband. This means that there will be relatively poorer frequency response (less amplitude discrimination). https://www.analog.com/media/en/training-seminars/design-handbooks/Basic-Linear-Design/Chapter8.pdf
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