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L band( 1- 2ghz) radar's &
milstar: Cobra Dane ,1 megawatt srednej 1215 -1400 mhz http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/cobra_dane.htm First deployed in 1977, the AN/FPS-108 radar operates in the 1215-1400 MHz band using a 29m phased array antenna. The primary mission is to track and collect data on foreign intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and submarine launched ballistic missile (SLBM) test launches to the Kamchatka impact area and the broad ocean impact areas in the Pacific Ocean. The metric and signature data collected support START 2 and INF treaty monitoring, and scientific and technical intelligence efforts http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/nssrm/initiatives/cobradan.htm U) COBRA DANE generates approximately 15.4 MW of peak RF power (0.92 MW average) from 96 Traveling Wave Tube (TWT) amplifiers arranged in 12 groups of 8. This power is radiated through 15,360 active array elements, which together with 19,408 inactive elements comprise the 94.5 ft diameter array face. (U) The system, designated AN/FPS-108, has a phased array L-Band antenna containing 15,360 radiating elements occupying 95% of the roughly 100 by 100 foot area of one face of the building housing the system. The antenna is oriented toward the west, monitoring the northern Pacific missile test areas.
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milstar: Aegis AN/SPS-49 Very Long-Range Air Surveillance Radar http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/weaps/an-sps-49.htm The AN/SPS-49(V) radar is a narrow beam, very long range, 2D air search radar that primarily supports the AAW mission in surface ships. The radar is used to provide long range air surveillance regardless of severe clutter and jamming environments. Collateral functions include air traffic control, air intercept control, and antisubmarine aircraft control. It also provides a reliable backup to the three-dimensional (3D) weapon system designation radar. Band L Frequency Band: 850 to 942 MHz three selectable 30MHz bands 48 discrete frequencies Transmitting Power: 360 kW peak 280 kW specified peak power 12-13 kW average power Antenna Parameters: Parabolic Reflector stabilized for roll and pitch 7.3m/24 ft wide, 4.3m/14.2 ft high Rotating Clearance 8.7m/28.4 ft diameter Beamwidths: 3.3�-3.3� azimuth 11� elevation Cosec2 to 30�, csc2 to 20� elev Gain 28.5 dB Scan rate 6 or 12 rpm Line-of-sight mechanical stabilization to � 25 deg roll IFF antenna (AS-2188) mounted on boom Range 250 nm Minimum Range : 0.5 nmi Frequency Selection: Fixed or frequency agile Range Accuracy: 0.03 nmi Azimuth Accuracy: 0.5 deg PRF 280, 800, 1000 pps Pulse width 125 microsecond http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/weaps/an-sps-49.htm
milstar: РЛС “ПРОТИВНИК - ГЕ http://www.nniirt.ru/sites/default/files/docs/prod/protivnik.pdf
milstar: TRADEX, the Tracking and Discrimination Experiment, is the original major sensor in a program to develop a ballistic missile radar signature data base. The radar became operational at RTS in 1963 as a UHF tracker and and L-band illuminator. The radar was modified to add a VHF capability; this remained its configuration until 1970, when the system was modified and the antenna rebuilt to support coherent operation at L-band and S-band. The system remains an L-band tracker and S-band illuminator.Photo of TRADEX TRADEX is a high-sensitivity, wide bandwidth coherent instrumentation and tracking radar. TRADEX supports many operating modes, including full range and angle tracking and signature collection at L-band and range-only track with signature collection at S-band. Target resolution at L-band is 15 meters; at S-band, target resolution is nominally 5.5 meters. TRADEX currently transmits Right Circular polarization at L-band and S-band; it records phase and amplitude, both RC and LC in both bands. The system uses both uniform train and burst sub-pulse spacing to achieve excellent range and velocity resolution. TRADEX uses an Array Processor System to provide coherent integration of RC signal returns. In its extended range mode, the radar can track targets with a single hit SNR of -23 dB. TRADEX has a multi-target tracking capability allowing the simultaneous track of up to 63 targets. From this target set, the radar can provide ten target files to MCC and collect pulse-by-pulse data on up to six targets. http://www.smdc.army.mil/KWAJ/RangeInst/TRADEX.html TRADEX System Characteristics Frequency: L-band, S-band Waveforms: selectable among 8 at L-band, 11 at S-band PRF: 100-1500 Pulsewidth: 2.0 - 565 µsec at L-band, 3.0 - 94 µsec at S-band Modulation: CW and Linear FM Chirp Bandwidth: 20 MHz, both bands
milstar: Полнофункциональный модуль бортовой АФАР l-диапазона 31.12.2011 · РЕШЕНИЕ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ ЗАДАЧ · http://www.media-phazotron.ru/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/65-69_Страница_1.jpg http://www.media-phazotron.ru/?p=854
milstar: Типовые значения энергетических параметров первых отечественных мощных СВЧ LDMOS транзисторов 2П983А-Д, 2П982А-М с рабочей частотой до 2 ГГц, разработанные ОАО "НПП "Пульсар" http://pulsarnpp.ru/index.php/svch-tverdotelnaya-elektronika/moshchnye-svch-ldmos-tranzistory Приборный ряд мощных СВЧ транзисторов на диапазон частот 2,7-3,1 ГГц рабочий диапазон частот 2.7-3.1 ГГц; длительность импульсов до 300 мкс при скважности ≥7; группа А: Рвых≥100Вт, кпд≈30%, Кур≥6дБ, Епит=36-38В; группа Б: Рвых≥50Вт, кпд≈32%, Кур≥7дБ, Епит=36-38В; группа В: Рвых≥25Вт, кпд≈33%, Кур≥7дБ, Епит=36-38В; группа Г: Рвых≥5Вт, кпд≈34%, Кур≥7дБ, Епит=16В; группа Д: Рвых≥2.5Вт, кпд≈35%, Кур≥7дБ, Епит=16В; Приборный ряд мощных СВЧ транзисторов на диапазон частот 1.2-1.44 ГГц рабочий диапазон частот 1.2-1.44 ГГц; длительность импульсов до 5 мс при скважности ≥6; группа А: Рвых≥150Вт, кпд≈45%, Кур≥7дБ, Епит=30-35В; группа Б: Рвых≥75Вт, кпд≈45%, Кур≥7дБ, Епит=30-35В;группа В: Рвых≥20Вт, кпд≈45%, Кур≥7дБ, Епит=30-35В; http://pulsarnpp.ru/index.php/svch-tverdotelnaya-elektronika/bipolyarnye-impulsnye-svch-tranzistory СВЧ устройства http://pulsarnpp.ru/index.php/svch-tverdotelnaya-elektronika/svch-ustrojstva
milstar: Lockheed Martin - Digital Array Radar S-Band (AMDR-S) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVEwN0dDJjc
milstar: Lockheed Martin - Digital Array Radar S-Band (AMDR-S) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVEwN0dDJjc
milstar: http://www.nrl.navy.mil/research/nrl-review/2002/electronics-electromagnetics/degraaf/ Digital Array Radar: A New Vision
milstar: 1. ECCM (electronic countercountermeasures). By operating si- multaneously over a very wide band with multiple frequencies, a jammer is forced to spread its power in the frequency domain, thus diluting the watts/MHz that would confront a radar receiver. 2. Enhancedtarget echoes. The use of multiple frequencies means that a Swerling I fluctuating target will be converted to a Sweding I1 target model, which results in a reduction of the required signal- to-noise ratio compared to that of a single frequency waveform. 3 . More uniform elevation coverage. A conventional single- frequency air-surveillance radar generally experiences nulls in its antenna elevation pattern because of the interference effects of surface multipath reflections. When the target is in a null of the antenna pattern, the echo signal might be too small to be detected. When multiple, widely spaced frequencies are used, as in Senrad, the nulls of the composite antenna pattern are filled in so that cov- erage is more continuous. 4. Improved automatic tracking. The filling-in of the interference nulls of the elevation pattern when operating on different frequen- cies during a dwell means a target being tracked is less likely to be dropped due to a weak echo. 5. Improved detection capability. In one experimental test, when the target was observed over the range from 60 to 120 nmi, the single- scan probability of detection was found to be 0.78 in both the up- per and the lower sub-bands when only a single frequency was transmitted. With multiple frequencies in both sub-bands, the ob- served probability of detection increased to 0.98. 6.ImprovedMTI. LOSSof echo signals due to the targets being at an MTI blind speed is effectively eliminated by frequency diversity (without the need for multiple staggered pulse repetition frequen- cies). 7.Highrangeresolution.Theradaralsocanbeoperatedinahigh- range resolution mode with a bandwidth from 100 to 200 MHZ using Stretch pulse compression. The wideband high-resolution mode allows: a. Target heidt-finding, without the need for a 3D antenna, based on separating the individual surface-multipath echoes. In one ex- perimental test using a 200 MHz bandwidth, the elevation-angle accuracy derived from multipath was 0.13 degree at an elevation angle of one degree and 0.05 degree at five degrees elevation. b. Elementary target recognition, by separating targets into the simple categories of large jet, small jet, large prop dc, small prop dc, helicopter, missile, and decoy. http://dasl.mem.drexel.edu/Hing/Improvements%20for%20Air-surveillance%20radar.pdf
milstar: Для наведения неуправлямых высо- коскоростных кинетических снарядов требуется высокая точность измерения углов. Например, для поражения цели на дальности 4 км с ошибкой 0,6 м одиноч- ным выстрелом противотанкового (тан- кового) орудия РЛС управления оружием должна обеспечить точность измерения углов до 0,5 минуты. Ошибка же РЛС трехсантиметрового диапазона дости- гает 10 минут, а в трехмиллиметровом диапазоне может быть несколько лучше 2 минут. Сейчас РЛС используются в ос- новном для наведения автоматических малокалиберных пушек и прицеливания противотанковых управляемых ракет, где требования к точности измерения углов ниже, чем для противотанковых и танковых орудий. Для управления активными элемента- ми КАЗ, обеспечивающими поражение цели на дальности 100–150 м обычно достаточно точности по углу около 15 минут, а на дальности 10–15 м око- ло 1 градуса. При размерах антенны до 300 мм такие точности обеспечиваются уже в С-диапазоне. Для управления пас- сивными средствами защиты (ловушки и завесы) высокой точности не требуется, достаточно обеспечить ошибку в преде- лах 15–30°. Такие точности достижимы и в дециметровом диапазоне. http://sa.uploads.ru/JpnAG.pdf Исходя из допустимых габаритов, воз- можны следующие варианты малоэле- ментных антенных решеток для РЛС управ- ления средствами защиты: - L-диапазона с 8-ми или 16-ти эле- ментной решеткой с шириной ДНА до 40°; - S-диапазона с 36-ти элементной решеткой с шириной ДНА до 20 - С- или Х-диапазона со 128 элемент- ной решеткой с шириной ДНА до 10–15°. Толщина защитного радиопрозрачного слоя может составлять до четверти длины волны, но для выполнения защитных функций обычно достаточно 20–25 мм. Поэтому в L- и S-диапазоне негативное влияние скопления на защитном слое пыли, грязи и воды считается приемле- мым. Влияние дрожания антенны на амор- тизаторах относительно защитного слоя в L- и S-диапазоне также можно признать несущественным. При использовании С-диапазона толщина защитного слоя может состав- лять до 15 мм. Этого достаточно для защиты от осколков, стрелковых бое- припасов и зажигательных веществ. Однако влияние грязи и воды в С-диапазоне может быть заметным. Влияние дрожания антенны относитель- но защитного слоя в С-диапазоне счита- ется приемлемым. В Х-диапазоне амплитуда дрожания на амортизаторах оказывает более суще- ственное влияние на параметры работы, чем толщина защитного слоя и не должна превышать 7 мм, а характеристики антен- ны могут сильно зависеть от наличия грязи и воды на защитном слое. Таким образом РЛС управления пас- сивными средствами защиты целесоо- бразно реализовать в L- или S-диапазонах. В настоящее время для улучшения харак- теристик малогабаритных антенн можно использовать метаматериалы, что позво- ляет добиться более высоких характери- стик антенны даже в L-диапазоне.
milstar: Радиолокационная станция «Гамма-ДЕ» предназначена для эффективного обнаружения, опознавания, определения трех координат и сопровождения широкого класса современных и перспективных средств воздушного нападения, включая высотные малозаметные авиационные ракеты (цели), в условиях сильного электронного противодействия и естественных помех, а также получение информации с борта самолета, оборудованного ответчиком в кодах ICAO. РЛС может использоваться в автоматизированных и неавтоматизированных системах управления ВВС и ПВО, а также в качестве трассового радара для постов управления и контроля воздушного движения. http://roe.ru/catalog/protivovozdushnaya-oborona/sredstva-obnaruzheniya-vozdushnykh-tseley/gamma-de/ A single Gamma DE system comprises a towed antenna head trailer with the 1280 element 8 x 5.2 metre AESA on a turntable, a semi-trailer radar cabin with electronics and operator stations, and a dual redundant 16 kiloWatt diesel generator. An option cited for the Gamma DE is deployment of the radar head on the 24 metre 40V6M or 40 metre 40V6MD semi-mobile mast systems. The latter are carried by semi-trailer and typically towed by a MAZ-537 or other tractor. Cited time to deploy the basic demonstrator configuration is 1.5 hrs. More recent (2007) VNIIRT data states 20 minutes to deploy the towed configuration, and 5 minutes to deploy a self-propelled configuration carried on a truck. This qualifies the towed Gamma DE as mobile, and the self-propelled configuration as "shoot and scoot". The AESA design provides cited mainlobe steering angles of up to ±60° in azimuth and elevation. VNIIRT claim a robust detection range of up to 600 nautical miles against high elevation angle ballistic missile targets. Like Western phased array radars the Gamma DE is capable of adaptively interleaving search and track beams, and nulling particular angular sectors which are subject to jamming. ============================== Another very modern feature in this design is the use of Non-Cooperative Target Recognition (NCTR). This is claimed to be performed by the analysis of backscatter power levels, correlation against known signatures, and the flight trajectory characteristics of the track. Helicopters are recognised by analysing the advancing and receding rotor blade Doppler shifts. To defeat anti-radiation missiles and Emitter Locating Systems, the Gamma DE employs short burst transmissions, with radar emission timing slaved to the Gazetchik E emitting anti-radiation missile decoy system. In addition chaff, smoke generators and infrared decoys are employed to seduce missiles with active radar, electro-optical or imaging infared seekers. The Gazetchik E is claimed to achieve a 0.85-0.95 Pk against anti-radiation missiles. It is worth noting than many such missiles do not have the band coverage to home in on an L-band emitter such as the Gamma DE. Like many Western L-band radars, such as the MESA, the Gamma-DE has an integrated IFF function in the primary array, supporting Mark XA and XII modes. This is performed using the VNIIRT developed Voprosnik-E secondary radar, embedded in the Gamma-DE antenna system. Almaz-Antey literature on the S-400 / SA-21 system states that compatible interfaces are available between the S-400 battery and the Gamma DE system. The azimuthal tracking accuracy of 0.17-0.2°, elevation accuracy of 0.2-0.3° and range accuracy of 60-100 metres make this radar eminently capable of providing midcourse guidance updates for a range of SAM systems. For comparison, the 64N6E Big Bird series used in the SA-20/21 has around twice the angular and range tracking error magnitude compared to the Gamma DE. https://www.facebook.com/notes/bangladesh-air-force-baf/the-most-powerfull-radar-of-baf-the-new-gamma-de-radar-system/566968096677129
milstar: arget detection range: 1 m2 RCS target 400 0.1 m2 RCS target 240 Target positioning accuracy: range, m 60 – 100 azimuth, ang.min 10 – 11 elevation, ang.min 15 – 18 Track capacity 200 Clutter rejection, dB 50 Scan period/information renewal rate, s 10/5 http://roe.ru/eng/catalog/air-defence-systems/radar-and-electro-optical-equipment-for-air-target-detection/gamma-de/
milstar: http://www.radartutorial.eu/19.kartei/02.surv/karte013.en.html The whole system is mounted on two semi-trailers and has got an operating range of about 600 km. The radar has a high degree of measurement process automatization and a high resolution under intensive countermeasures. There are air route data processing, secondary air traffic control radar and suitable interface to any automatic control systems. Automatic diagnostics, monitoring and fault finding system are the features of this radar. The automatic mode of operation is also possible. Air search coverage of the radar extends to 200 km in height, i.e. this radar can discover satellites into the near orbit. All necessary information is read out in digital shape from a tricolour plan position high-aspect ratio display. Radar maping is possible. The phased-array antenna forms 20 Pencil-beams covering an elevation of total 45 degrees.
milstar: Gamma-S1E is a highly potential radar system featuring excellent noise immunity and high level of automation of the target acquisition, dynamic parameter measurement, operation control and monitoring processes. Presently, radars have become extremely vulnerable to precision-guided munitions (PGM), which are currently on the upswing of their development, and which can use various physical principles to determine radar contrast. Consequently, the air defense forces faced the problem of maintaining a continuous and effective electromagnetic field under intensive application of PGMs against emitting radars. The Radio Engineering Research Institute in cooperation with several other companies have developed an effective system, dubbed Gazetchik-E, to counter antiradar missiles. In operation, the system cuts off radar emission for a short time in response to commands coming from an independent antiradar missile detection system. Moreover, it activates deception and jamming devices to thwart the systems that direct the antiradar missiles outfitted with infrared, TV and active radar homing devices. The defended sector is as follows: in azimuth, deg 360 in elevation, deg up to 90. The Gazetchik system's main components are: - an independent antiradar missile detection system; - antiradar missile deception elements operating in the defended radar's frequency range; - aerosol and chaff dispensers; - an interface unit connecting the defended radars with the Gazetchik system. The Gazetchik system is available in different versions. The system operates automatically and draws power from the protected radar. The Radio Engineering Research Institute can be your reliable partner in the development or delivery of modern air defense or air traffic control radars. http://www.enemyforces.net/missiles/radars.htm
milstar: https://lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/ground-based-air-surveillance-radars.html https://lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed-martin/rms/documents/ground-based-air-surveillance-radars/TPS-59%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf 1215-1400 mhz average RF power 11 kw aperture size 49.2 square metr range 400 nmi abt accuracy 30 metr at 80nmi 3 millirad at 100 nmi or 0.171 grad height 300 metr at 100 nmi https://lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed-martin/rms/documents/ground-based-air-surveillance-radars/TPS-59%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf Critical MTBF more as 2000 hours 83 days
milstar: https://lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed-martin/rms/documents/ground-based-air-surveillance-radars/FPS-117-fact-sheet.pdf 1215-1400 mhz average RF power 24.6 kw aperture size 52.6 square metr range 250 nmi abt accuracy 50 metr at 80nmi 0,18 grad 250 km height 762 metr at 250 km https://lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed-martin/rms/documents/ground-based-air-surveillance-radars/FPS-117-fact-sheet.pdf
milstar: TPY-X June 4, 2018 Role and Mobility Long-Range Air Surveillance, Early Warning; Fixed and Road-mobile Frequency L-Band Range 470 km . Gallium Nitride (GaN) technology in the system also provides greater efficiency and improved reliability as compared to legacy systems. https://lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/tpy-x.html http://missiledefenseadvocacy.org/air-defense/future-air-defense-systems/tpy-x-2/
milstar: S1850M Long Range Radar S1850M is a long range radar for wide area search. With fully automatic detection and track initiation, it can track up to 1,000 air targets at a range of around 400 kilometres. The S1850M provides 3-dimensional track/plot data of the tactical threat and own forces within the operational environment. S1850M is the long range radar (LRR) of the Principal Anti Air Missile System used on the Royal Navy’s Type 45 Destroyers and French/Italian Horizon Frigates. It has also been selected for the UK’s Queen Elizabeth Class Aircraft Carriers. https://www.baesystems.com/en/product/s1850m-long-range-radar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S1850M#/media/File:S1850M_Radar_(center)_D32_Daring_2010-03-01.jpg https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/smart-l-mm SMART-L MM independently finds Ballistic Missile type targets. Following fast track initiation, the ballistic target track is maintained up to zenith. Ballistic Missile detection range is improved significantly by applying forward/backward scanning and staring modes which provides increased observation time. http://bastion-karpenko.ru/tip_45/
milstar: примеру, дециметровая РЛС L-диапазона (частота 1-2 ГГц) 59Н6М «Противник-Г» предназначена для дальнего обнаружения и сопровождения воздушно-космических объектов на высотах до 200 км (низкоорбитальный участок); станция может выдавать целеуказание ЗРК, а также более точным сантиметровым радиолокационным станциям боевого режима типа «Гамма-С1». Последние вполне могут быть адаптированы под задачи целеуказания и подсвета зенитным ракетам с АРГСН и ПАРГСН. Станцию 48Я6-К1 «Подлёт-К1» можно считать радикально усовершенствованным низковысотным обнаружителем 76Н6. Потолок обнаружения целей составляет всего 10000 м, а дальность — 300 км. При этом, твердотельная ПФАР, работающая в сантиметровом X-диапазоне даёт возможность не только сопровождать на проходе, но и захватывать низковысотные крылатые ракеты с малой радиолокационной сигнатурой. Несмотря на возможности работы по баллистическим объектам, угломестная зона обзора от -2 до +25 град говорит о том, что станция «заточена» под лоцирование и обеспечение пуска ЗУР исключительно по низковысотным целям. Другими словами, «Подлёт-К1» — единственная в своём роде многофункциональная РЛС низковысотного режима, не имеющая аналогов в мире. Что касается предельной скорости сопровождаемых объектов, то 49Я6-К1 имеет по этому параметру ограничение в 1200 м/с (по гиперзвуковым СВН со скоростями ≥5М «Подлёт» не работает). РЛС «Противник-Г» имеет ограничение по скорости сопровождения 2200 м/с. Но в отличие от «Подлёта-К1», работает она в ДМ-диапазоне и не позволяет осуществлять автозахват воздушных целей с точностью до трёх-пяти десятков метров. Радиолокационным комплексом, который дополняет «Подлёт-К1» на стратосферном и экзоатмосферном участках пространства, является всевысотный обнаружитель 96Л6Е. Данный комплекс используется в качестве основного придаваемого средства целеуказания в дивизионном звене ЗРК С-300ПС/ПМ1 и С-400 «Триумф» и обладает высочайшими тактико-техническими характеристиками. ВВО 96Л6Е имеет верхнюю границу зоны обнаружения — более 100 км, обладает максимальной скоростью сопровождаемой цели — 10000 км/ч, а также способен сопровождать на проходе 100 воздушных целей с ЭПР до 5 м2 на удалении 400 км. Стоит отметить, что ВВО 96Л6Е, обладающий многолучевой антенной решёткой, показывает очень гибкие аппаратные возможности по формированию диаграммы направленности в угломестной плоскости, а поэтому способен взаимозаменять «Подлёт-К1» в задачах обнаружения низковысотных воздушных целей. https://army-news.ru/2017/01/preimushhestva-kompleksov-nebo-m-v-protivoraketnom-zvene-vks-rossii/
milstar: The VNIIRT Gamma DE is a solid state long range L-Band 3D Active Electronically Steered Array (AESA) search and acquisition radar intended to support interceptors and Integrated Air Defence Systems. It is intended to detect and track aircraft, cruise missiles, precision guided munitions and tactical ballistic missiles at medium and high altitudes. The manufacturer cites two basic operating modes "iso-range" and "iso-altitude". Gamma DE installations can be supplied with three different AESA module power ratings, yielding the D1/D1E, D2/D2E and D3/D3E variants. Cited MTBF in recent literature is ~1,000 hrs which is consistent with mature AESA technology. ====== The VNIIRT designers paid considerable attention to operation in high threat environments. A number of design features were introduced for this reason: The ability to concentrate emitted power into search sectors which are being subjected to jamming, to decrease the J/S ratio. Wideband pulse-to-pulse automatic frequency hopping with automated avoidance of jammed frequencies (i.e pre-transmit sniffing), employing a spectrum analyser. Signal processing functions to reject incoherent signals received in the mainlobe, such as jammers or other interfering in-band emitters. Multichannel rejection of jamming. This is likely to have been implemented by forming nulls in the mainlobe. Jammer rejection by sidelobe blanking. Adaptive multichannel pulse Doppler filtering for clutter rejection. While VNIIRT literature describes this as DMTI, it is not clear whether the technique used is conventional DMTI or pulse Doppler. Rejection of jammers and signals with low radial Doppler shifts relative to the radar. Another very modern feature in this design is the use of Non-Cooperative Target Recognition (NCTR). This is claimed to be performed by the analysis of backscatter power levels, correlation against known signatures, and the flight trajectory characteristics of the track. Helicopters are recognised by analysing the advancing and receding rotor blade Doppler shifts. Range/Altitude in [km] for 0.1 m2 target. 240/40 (230/120) Gamma D1E The AESA design provides cited mainlobe steering angles of up to ±60° in azimuth and elevation. VNIIRT claim a robust detection range of up to 600 nautical miles against high elevation angle ballistic missile targets. Like Western phased array radars the Gamma DE is capable of adaptively interleaving search and track beams, and nulling particular angular sectors which are subject to jamming. Modes include high update rate search waveforms in narrow solid angles, providing for high quality tracking of high speed closing targets. A single Gamma DE system comprises a towed antenna head trailer with the 1280 element 8 x 5.2 metre AESA on a turntable, a semi-trailer radar cabin with electronics and operator stations, and a dual redundant 16 kiloWatt diesel generator. An option cited for the Gamma DE is deployment of the radar head on the 24 metre 40V6M or 40 metre ======================================================================= 40V6MD semi-mobile mast systems. The latter are carried by semi-trailer and typically towed by a MAZ-537 or other tractor. Cited time to deploy the basic demonstrator configuration is 1.5 hrs. More recent (2007) VNIIRT data states 20 minutes to deploy the towed configuration, and 5 minutes to deploy a self-propelled configuration carried on a truck. This qualifies the towed Gamma DE as mobile, and the self-propelled configuration as "shoot and scoot". http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Rus-Low-Band-Radars.html#mozTocId555292
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