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synthetic apperture radar
milstar: Nize priwedenni primeri image i movie s dowolno wisokoj razreschajuschej sposobnost'ju 100 mm dlja SAR radara w diapazonax Ka(35ghz) i Ku waznejschij wopros dlja kakoj wojni . ######################## S-300 imelo porjadka 1500 yabch . W yslowijax podriwa serii yabch w atmosfere wse eto s xoroschim chansom ne budet rabotat' Bolee wisokuju boewuju ystojchiwost' budut imet' multimegawattnie rls s bolschoj apperturoj na lampax http://www.sandia.gov/RADAR/imageryka.html kollekzija image ot 35 ghz synthetic apperture radar razr.sposobnost' 4 inches -10 sm,100 millimetr Contact: To send feedback or request information about the contents of Sandia National Laboratories' synthetic aperture radar website, please contact: Nikki L. Angus Synthetic Aperture Radar Website Owner Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM 87185-1330 (505) 844-7776 (Phone) (505) 845-5491 (Fax) nlangus@sandia.gov http://www.sandia.gov/RADAR/movies.html kollekzija video s SAR Ku band i raz sposb 300 mm
milstar: Thus, in this analysis, CBO assumed the T/R modules built for the Space Radar system would cost about $2,500 apiece. That estimate accounts for anticipated reductions in price from using the new manufacturing processes. But it also increases the unit price to reflect the cost risk associated with modifying a surface-based technology to meet the more stringent requirements of operating in space. With each module measuring 385 square millimeters, a 40-square-meter radar would require about 104,000 modules, CBO determined, and a 100-square-meter radar would need about 260,000. Multiplying those numbers by the unit cost of $2,500 per module results in a total module cost of about $260 million for a 40- square-meter radar or $650 million for a 100-squaremeter ########################################## radar (see Table A-4). ###############
milstar: http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/76xx/doc7691/01-03-SpaceRadar.pdf alternative for space based synthetic apperture radar 40 kw.metrow ,100 kw.metrow AFAR X-Band
milstar: Radars perform double duty as high-speed data links A joint development program aims to transform synthetic aperture radar systems into nodes on a mobile ad hoc network By Sean Gallagher Jul 02, 2009 Synthetic aperture radars have used radio frequency technology to give aircraft, ships and ground troops highly detailed tracking data. Now, they might provide a way to share that data in real time. Contractors Raytheon and L-3 Communications have combined efforts in a joint development program that might turn synthetic aperture radar systems into nodes on a high-speed, mobile ad hoc network. Using the radar’s antennas simultaneously for radar sensing and as a high-speed data link, fighter aircraft would be able to transmit full sensor data — previously only available within the aircraft — to other aircraft and ground stations more than 100 miles away. If successful, the capability that Raytheon and L-3 are developing might transform fighter aircraft and other vehicles equipped with Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radars into powerful intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) platforms, sending synthetic aperture radar images at speeds as fast as 4 gigabits/sec. “The data that [fighter aircraft have] gathered, which is extremely valuable, has been limited to use in that cockpit because there was no way to offload that amount of data,” said Lucas Bragg, Raytheon’s senior manager of advanced programs. “By now enabling their radar to act as a communications device, you're now able to offload this highly valuable data that's been gathered on the aircraft.” “The big thing with this technology is that fighters have been limited in getting large amount of data off the vehicle, because you'd have to add an aperture, an antenna,” said James Perry, L-3's director of international business development. “With the sleek skin of the aircraft, there's no way to add an antenna that will give you the throughput to do wideband communications.” By adding a modem, a small box or some cards underneath the skin and then using the switching of the antenna to toggle between communications mode and regular radar mode, fighter pilots can connect to other communications assets in theater, he said. “If they're using AESA radars to be able to send wideband data off of that aircraft, [then] basically, the [synthetic aperture radar] images that the pilot can see there can now be seen on the ground.” As part of a joint independent research and development program, Raytheon and L-3 are developing a system that would allow pilots to simultaneously use radar as a sensor and data link. Depending on the requirements, part of the radar’s array could be dedicated to a continuous data link directed to a command and control ground station or aircraft while the remainder functions as a sensor. Or the communications could be sent in pulse mode, sending data between radar scans. Entering the network The joint program pulls together technologies the two companies have developed through independent research and development and through research that the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency contracted. The mobile ad hoc network, or Manet, “has been developed over several years primarily in support of DARPA programs, specifically a program called Future Combat Systems Communications (FCS-C), which went on for about six years,” Bragg said. “What that encompasses is a mobile network capability that allows the network to autonomously develop and control itself without the intervention of users,” Bragg said. “For example, when you have multiple vehicles out there, including aircraft — it's aircraft to ground — as vehicles approach, they automatically enter the network, they establish themselves, who their neighbors are, and the communications are configured autonomously.” The Manet also includes built-in quality-of-service elements that help it maintain links in less-than-desirable conditions, he said. The Manet technology, called Raymanet, was first demonstrated in 2006 as part of DARPA’s network-centric demonstration at Fort Benning, Ga. “We've been running this Manet, with different radios and different modems, at much lower data rates” than the radar-based Manet, Bragg said. “But the network is a field-certified product. We’re fielding it with other customers at this time.” The second part of the equation is L-3’s modem for the AESA radar. “This is the device that allows the movement of data across this network,” Bragg said. L-3’s current AESA modem, in its fourth generation, provides an extremely high data rate, Bragg said. “They've demonstrated 4.5 gigabits/sec, which for an airborne or ground-to-ground link is enormously fast — a record-setting speed for this kind of device.” L-3 has been testing high-speed radar-based data communications with Raytheon and others for some time. AESA-based data communications have been evaluated in connection with the F-22 Raptor program. L-3, Northrop Grumman and Lockheed Martin began working on a system for a data link for the F-22 fighter in 2005. The companies demonstrated a 274 megabits/sec Common Data Link connection using a CDL emulator modem and the AESA radar aperture for the F-22 fighter in January 2006. The capability, called Radar-CDL, was also tested at 1 gigabit/sec in throughput. Also in 2006, L-3 began working with Raytheon to demonstrate AESA data links using the Raytheon Multiplatform Testbed (RMT) aircraft, a Boeing 757 that is configured to allow different nose cones to be attached to it. “This Raytheon RMT aircraft, the unique feature with it is that they can put different nose cones on that that are the same radars as the F-15 or the F-18,” Perry said. “So we could see what it would be like from the point of view of a fighter aircraft.” The RMT was tested over Catalina Island in California and beamed data to a ground station about 125 nautical miles away, Perry said. In that test and others, the system was able to use a pulsing radar signal to achieve 274 megabits/sec throughput, he said. Real-time surveillance A similar demonstration, using L-3’s third-generation modem technology, was shown at the Milcom military communications conference in San Diego in November 2008. The fourth generation of L-3’s modem, now in testing, has achieved 4.5 gigabit/sec transmission rates. And earlier this year, the pulse-based transmission capability was demonstrated as part of another DARPA project, called the Affordable Adaptive Conformal Electronic-scanning-array Radar (AACER), Perry said. AACER is a real-time tactical surveillance system that uses a low-cost, low-weight AESA radar that can be installed in a helicopter or rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle, such as Boeing’s A-160 Hummingbird. A Blackhawk helicopter was used during the test as a stand-in for a UAV, using the radar to capture surveillance data and transmit it to a ground station, Perry said. The next major step in testing involves taking the AESA-based Manet to a lower speed for a ground-based ISR application. Raytheon is looking at combining the AESA Manet with its Long Range Advance Scout Surveillance System (LRAS3) to provide a way for vehicles to send ISR imagery to a tactical operations center. “The ISR data that is being collected but not distributed in the aircraft world, well, it’s true in the ground world as well,” Bragg said. This summer, Raytheon and L-3 will go into the lab with a proof-of-concept system that ties LRAS3 into an AESA radar developed by Raytheon for the Future Combat Systems program. Known as the Multi-Function Radio Frequency System (MFRFS), the technology was developed for the FCS Active Protection System program. “The AESA for MFRFS comes from the same design as that for our F-18 radar program,” Bragg said. "It's a very similar, much lower cost radar system for ground use.” “We're going to be demonstrating [the AESA Manet] with a ground-to-ground application, so it would be from vehicle to vehicle to vehicle, and all of the vehicles with that capability could share that data, as well as move it back to the tactical operating centers," Bragg said. Potentially, with the wider application of FCS technology, the MFRFS system could be deployed on vehicles throughout the Army. Bragg said Raytheon and L-3 plan to move into a field demonstration of the technology this fall. About the Author Sean Gallagher is senior contributing editor for Defense Systems.
milstar: Synthetic Aperture Radar on CSX700 1 Introduction ClearSpeed’s CSX700, “Callanish”, is a high-performance, very low power processor capable of executing 96 GFLOPS of double or single precision IEEE 754 math operations and 48 GMACS of 16/32/64-bit integer operations while the entire chip typically consumes less than 10 watts at 250MHz, including I/O power consumption. Manufactured using IBM’s proven 90nm process, the CSX700 includes 192 cores, called Processor Elements (or PEs), grouped into two arrays of 96. Each group of 96 PEs runs its own data parallel program written in C. http://www.clearspeed.com/applications/syntheticapertureradar/index.php ClearSpeed’s CSX processor product line, of which the CSX700 is the latest, has been specifically designed for high-performance, low-power applications where extreme computational intensity is further exacerbated by extreme demands on power and cooling. The CSX700 achieves its industry leading performance and performance per watt by explicitly exploiting the data parallelism naturally present in most applications, including: Synthetic aperture radar Hyper spectral imaging Image compression/decompression (for example, JPEG2000) Beam forming Holography Neural networks Many of these applications have traditionally been handled using SIMD processing. The CSX processor family integrates large-scale SIMD processing on a single chip. However, ClearSpeed’s CSX architecture includes several innovations that fundamentally solve the bottlenecks associated with traditional SIMD processing. ClearSpeed’s patented CSX “smart SIMD” architecture achieves this through advanced features such as indexed addressing in each PE (allowing sophisticated data structures and pointer chasing to be implemented, for example) and hardware support for multithreaded execution.
milstar: Synthetic Aperture Radar on the CSX700 We shall now describe how an application runs on the CSX700. For simplicity, we shall describe how a 1024x1024 point, single precision, complex 2D FFT executes on the CSX700. The 2D FFT is a very important compute kernel in most SAR applications, and a description of how this maps onto the CSX700 should enable the reader to understand how their own flavor of SAR would port across.
milstar: Clearspeed will give 96 GFlops Out Of 12 Watts at double precision which compares well with Nvidia’s chip 100 GFlops in double precision mode and consume 170 watts. CSX700 0.09 micron - W Rosiii est'
milstar: Real-time SAR requires enormous amounts of computational power, from gigaflops to teraflops. In the past, computers with this kind of throughput were large and deployable only on the ground. Early air- or space-based SARs were forced to transmit the raw data to dedicated ground stations for rapid, but not necessarily real-time, availability of the images. Fortunately, computer technology today has advanced to the point where the necessary computational throughput can be provided, in sufficiently small size and weight and low enough costs, to be deployable directly on the UAV or aircraft for real-time SAR. http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9864&page=354 Network-Centric Naval Forces: A Transition Strategy for Enhancing Operational Capabilities (2000) Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications (CPSMA)
milstar: Or small, very-high-resolution “snapshots” can be taken anywhere from the minimum to maximum range that the radar can address transverse to the flight path—some SARs support a mode in which the transmitter beam is kept focused on a small region of interest as the plane flies past. The FOR of a SAR depends on the product of the maximum-to-minimum usable range of the sensor and the speed of the plane, whereas the IFOV is highly variable and can vary from low-resolution imagery of the whole swath to a very-high-resolution snapshot of a small portion of the FOR, typically the same number of pixels per second—a trade-off between resolution and search rate. B.1.1.3 Range http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9864&page=356 Airborne surveillance radars, such as the APS-145 early warning radar on the Hawkeye E-2C, reach out even farther, to as much as 600 nautical miles, although the JSTAR’s SAR is capable of imaging areas at a range of up to 250 km (~140 nautical miles) transverse to the flight path.
milstar: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4gCe5D66io Ed Walby, director business development for the Global Hawk Program discusses the various configurations of the RQ-4 Global Hawk model that were displayed at the 2010 Farnborough Air Show. At the show, Northrop Grumman was able to highlight the RQ-4's capabilities and reach out to current and future customers. The current configuration on display is a NATO AGS Block 40 Global Hawk with an MP-RTIP sensor. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgN_D-BUFm0&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXkvKweMvPs&feature=fvw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZpHX9uzr1Y&feature=related RQ-4A Global Hawk unmanned aircraft system crossing the Atlantic Ocean. Scenes include take off from and landing at PAX in Maryland, night operations at Beale Air Force base and arrival in South West Asia. ################################################## http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p8C06dHhlXc http://www.niip.ru/modules.php?name=Downloads&d_op=viewdownload&cid=3 Irbis -E 350 km dalnost dlja 3 kw.metra EPR 90 km dlja 0.01 kw.metra EPR Wipuskaetsja serijno .Cena -2-3 mln $ Wes primerno do 300 kg wpolne prilichno T.e. Nuzna platforma tipa Global Hawk Podozrewaju ,pri nalichii zelanija wpolne wozmozno w Rossii sozdat' ,esli takoe silnoe ywlechnie BPLA ################################################################## http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpBFtp9x5s4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=plUd35WCJJ4&feature=related 20 sent 2010 goda .Prizemlenie na Guame http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDnW-yfm9bs&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xqnQAxYvZM&feature=related do 1500 kg poleznoj nagruzki . podrobnij chertez http://www.as.northropgrumman.com/products/ghrq4b/assets/GH-Block-40-Cutaway.pdf Program Overview: The U.S. Air Force's desire to expand Global Hawk's role supporting the service's ISR mission launched the development of a more capable and powerful unmanned surveillance system. The first production version of the next-generation Global Hawk, dubbed the Block 20, was unveiled in August 2006 during a ceremony at the company's Antelope Valley Manufacturing Center in Palmdale. In March 2007, the first Block 20 Global Hawk, designated AF-8, successfully completed its first flight from the company's Palmdale facility to the Birk Flight Test Center at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif. The first Block 20 is the 17th Global Hawk air vehicle to be built. Northrop Grumman produced the first seven air vehicles under the advanced concept technology demonstration phase of the program. Nine Block 10 aircraft have been produced, including the two aircraft supporting the war on terrorism and the two U.S. Navy aircraft operated under the Global Hawk Maritime Demonstration program. Global Hawk is the only unmanned aerial system (UAS) to meet the military and the Federal Administration Aviation's airworthiness standards and have approval to fly regular flights within U.S. airspace. The system is continuing its operational support having logged more than 10,000 combat flight hours with 95 percent mission effectiveness. Global Hawk is part of the 9th Reconnaissance Wing based at its main operating base, Beale Air Force Base, Calif. In addition, the systems flight test program is conducted at the Air Force Flight Test Center, Edwards Air Force Base, Calif. The program is managed by the 303rd Aeronautical Systems Group, Aeronautical Systems Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Specifications: The Block 20 Global Hawk represents a significant increase in capability over the Block 10 configuration. The larger Block 20 aircraft will carry up to 3,000 pounds of internal payload and will operate with two-and-a-half times the power of its predecessor. Its open system architecture, a so-called "plug-and-play" environment, will accommodate new sensors and communication systems as they are developed to help military customers quickly evaluate and adopt new technologies. When fully fueled for flight, the Block 20 variant weighs approximately 32,250 pounds. More than half the system's components are constructed of lightweight, high-strength composite materials, including its wings, wing fairings, empennage, engine cover, engine intake, and three radomes. Its main fuselage is standard aluminum, semi-monocoque construction. Euro Hawk®: In October 2003, the Air Force demonstrated Global Hawk's capabilities to the German Ministry of Defence (MoD) in northern Germany. Following a ferry flight from Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., to Nordholz, Germany, a Block 10 Global Hawk equipped with an EADS electronic intelligence (ELINT) sensor prototype performed a series of flight demonstrations over a six-week deployment. In January 2007, the German MoD awarded a $559 million contract to EuroHawk GmbH, a joint-venture company formed by Northrop Grumman and EADS, for the development, test and support of the Euro Hawk® unmanned signals intelligence (SIGINT) surveillance and reconnaissance system. With a wing span larger than a commercial airliner's, the Euro Hawk® UAS will serve as the German Air Force's HALE SIGINT system. The Euro Hawk® is a derivative of the Block 20 Global Hawk, equipped with a new SIGINT mission system developed by EADS. The SIGINT system provides stand-off capability to detect ELINT radar emitters and communications intelligence emitters. EADS will also provide the ground stations that will receive and analyze the data from Euro Hawk® as part of an integrated system solution. A joint team will conduct integration and flight test activity in Germany in late 2009. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPgLx476TlQ&feature=related Lt. Col. Brandon Baker, commander of Detachment 3, 9th Operations Group, recaps preparations made at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, for the arrival of assigned Global Hawk Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPAs) later in 2010. ##################################################################### W broschure po Global Hawk RQ-4 block 20 http://www.as.northropgrumman.com/products/ghrq4b/assets/GH_Brochure.pdf rasreschajuschaj sposbmsot Radara danna - 1/ 0.3 metra na linke Sandia Lab snimki s razreschajuschej sposonostju 10 santimetrow #################### Mozete posmotret http://www.sandia.gov/RADAR/images/ka_band_portfolio.pdf Rjad video s raschreschajuschej sposobnostju 30 santimetrow i 1 metr tam ze http://www.sandia.gov/RADAR/movies.html ################################### Automatic Target Recognition http://www.sandia.gov/atr/ Scalable Real-Time System ATR real-time requirements include both high throughput rate and low latency. For conventional image sizes, the latency between receipt of the SAR image and ATR results is typically less than 10 seconds. The basic configuration of our all-COTS real-time ATR has 12 PowerPC 300 MHz CPUs and can process imagery at the rate of one Megapixel per second for 10 targets of interest. The CPU requirements of our ATR system scale linearly with respect to pixel rate and number of targets. The 6U VME rack shown above can accommodate 64 CPUs, which enables us to upgrade the system to allow data rates as high as five Megapixels per second for 10 targets of interest or 50 targets of interest at one Megapixel per second without changing the 3.5 ft3 size of the ATR system. Upcoming advances in CPU performance will triple our current capabilities by the end of the year 2000. ------------------------ ATR Experience Sandia's Signal and Image Processing Department has designed ATR algorithms for SAR sensors since 1986. We were the first to demonstrate real-time SAR ATR capability in 1991, on board the Department of Energy's De Havilland DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft. Since then, Sandia has been the leader in SAR ATR technology, integrating the latest hardware with innovative recognition algorithms. ######################################## ABSTRACT This paper describes the Twin-Otter SAR Testbed developed at Sandia National Laboratories. This SAR is a flexible, adaptable testbed capable of operation on four frequency bands: Ka, Ku, X, and VHF/UHF bands. The SAR features real-time image formation at fine resolution in spotlight and stripmap modes. High-quality images are formed in real time using the overlapped subaperture (OSA) image-formation and phase gradient autofocus (PGA) algorithms. http://www.sandia.gov/RADAR/files/igarss96.pdf
milstar: SAR sensors can generate low-resolution images of kilometer-wide swaths at the velocity of the airplane or trade this for a number of high-resolution snapshots using the same number of pixels generated per unit time. JSTARS according to the press is capable of mapping (at unspecified but low resolution, no doubt) 1 million km2 in 8 hours, which translates to an area coverage rate of about 35 km2/s, which is not high when compared with ordinary search radar performance. It is also claimed that the Global Hawk’s SAR will be able to survey, in 1 day, with 1 m resolution, an area equivalent to the state of Illinois (40,000 square nautical miles), which translates into a fairly low rate of 1.6 km2/s, a rate compatible with high-resolution imaging. For example, if we hypothesize a platform velocity of 200 m/s and a 10 km swath to be imaged by a SAR at 1 m resolution, all of which sounds quite reasonable, the resulting area coverage rate would be 2 km2/s at a pixel rate of 2 × 106 pixels/s. In contrast to Global Hawk, the Discover II program is targeting a much more capable, spaceborne SAR with a pixel rate of about 20 × 106 pixels/s. page 357 http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9864&page=357
milstar: B.1.1.6 Communication Data Rate Requirements Building on the information above, it is possible to estimate the communication data rate loads implied by the different classes of radar sensors. Non-SAR radars, as mentioned before, produce highly preprocessed images, with the information data rate heavily reduced through the simple expedient of reporting only “hits”—an elementary form of ATR. If sampling at a particular beam position (i.e., a dwell) finds no candidate target returns of significance, nothing is reported for that “pixel.” A typical report will necessarily consist of a number of digital words describing target location parameters, such as bearing and range, or Kalman filter coefficient updates of information—altogether as many as twenty 32-bit words may be necessary for a worst-case total of 640 bits per report. Thus a search radar, which may encounter as many as 2,000 targets on a single, 6-s, 360° scan, would require a maximum communication bit rate capability of about 200 kbps—although operating ATC radars often see no more than 500 targets at a time and often transfer the reports at 50 kbps over ordinary telephone lines. Horizon search radars, such as the MFR, with their horizon-limited range capabilities, expect to encounter only a few tens to a hundred or so candidate targets to deal with and so, with a 1-s update rate, can expect to need minimal capabilities, similar to the ATC example above—i.e., about 50 kbps. But SAR, the true imaging radar sensor that generates data for every pixel, without exception, will require much higher communication bandwidth capability in order to participate in a network-centric sensor grid—but not nearly as much as is required by a capable modern electro-optical camera, as discussed in the section on electro-optical sensors (Section B.2). Practical SAR sensors produce pixel information at rates comparable to what is implied by the Global Hawk performance capability described above under “Area Coverage Rates” (Section B.1.1.5). Each second, an area of 1.6 km2 is to be sampled at 1 m × 1 m resolution, leading to a pixel rate of 1.6 × 106 pixels/s, which is fairly typical of such systems. Assuming that the location information is implicit in the raster format by which the images are read out, each pixel will need no more than one 16-bit word (or even less) on average for an output reporting data rate of about 25.6 Mbps—which does indeed resemble the requirements of high-quality optical cameras, albeit at the low end of the requirements. Here again, it would be useful to be able to apply some automatic information extraction algorithms via local processing, so that only the compressed, salient information would have to be passed over the network-centric sensor grid communication infrastructure. B.1.1.7 Spectral Issues Different portions of the microwave spectrum are used by different classes of radars, not so much for acquiring additional target-background characteristics for ATR, as is the case with optical sensors, but more often to resolve implementation-application trade-offs. For example, an X-band radar at 10 GHz can achieve the same angular resolution as an L-band radar at 1 GHz with a 10 times smaller antenna. And so X-band is often preferred for high-accuracy applications or for missile seekers where aperture is at a premium. Similarly, the search rate capability of a radar is proportional to the product of the transmitted power and the area of the antenna. In addition, since low-frequency radars need large physical antenna in order to maintain even modest angular resolution and microwave power is much easier to generate at the lower frequencies—e.g., one can obtain T/R modules with hundreds of watts capability at 1 GHz of L-band whereas the current state of the art produces only about 10 W for an equivalent X-band module at 10 GHz and much less than 1 W for frequencies of 35 GHz and beyond—search radars are always L-band or lower. page 358-359
milstar: Sandia patent 8 bit flash Max108 w SAR http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6864827.pdf ADC sample rate (chastota diskretizacii) -1 ghz Maximum IF polosa -222 mgz Minimum -3.5 mgz 1 IF/Pch -4000 mgz 2 IF/Pch -250 mgz SAR receiver employing strech processing ############################ (RF bandwitch compression or deramp mixing) MAX108 SNR -46.9db ,1 gigasample ,125-375 mgz signal ,full input ENOB-7.5 bit SFDR 60 db THD -53 db worst case 125 mgz -375 mgz Dannij patent werojatno ispolzowan w SAR Sandia ,snimki woennoj texniki s razr. 100 mm nize http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPgLx476TlQ&feature=related Lt. Col. Brandon Baker, commander of Detachment 3, 9th Operations Group, recaps preparations made at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, for the arrival of assigned Global Hawk Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPAs) later in 2010. ##################################################################### W broschure po Global Hawk RQ-4 block 20 http://www.as.northropgrumman.com/products/ghrq4b/assets/GH_Brochure.pdf rasreschajuschaj sposbmsot Radara danna - 1/ 0.3 metra na linke Sandia Lab snimki s razreschajuschej sposonostju 10 santimetrow #################### Mozete posmotret http://www.sandia.gov/RADAR/images/ka_band_portfolio.pdf Rjad video s raschreschajuschej sposobnostju 30 santimetrow i 1 metr tam ze http://www.sandia.gov/RADAR/movies.html ################################### Automatic Target Recognition http://www.sandia.gov/atr/ Scalable Real-Time System ATR real-time requirements include both high throughput rate and low latency. For conventional image sizes, the latency between receipt of the SAR image and ATR results is typically less than 10 seconds. The basic configuration of our all-COTS real-time ATR has 12 PowerPC 300 MHz CPUs and can process imagery at the rate of one Megapixel per second for 10 targets of interest. The CPU requirements of our ATR system scale linearly with respect to pixel rate and number of targets. The 6U VME rack shown above can accommodate 64 CPUs, which enables us to upgrade the system to allow data rates as high as five Megapixels per second for 10 targets of interest or 50 targets of interest at one Megapixel per second without changing the 3.5 ft3 size of the ATR system. Upcoming advances in CPU performance will triple our current capabilities by the end of the year 2000. ------------------------ ATR Experience Sandia's Signal and Image Processing Department has designed ATR algorithms for SAR sensors since 1986. We were the first to demonstrate real-time SAR ATR capability in 1991, on board the Department of Energy's De Havilland DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft. Since then, Sandia has been the leader in SAR ATR technology, integrating the latest hardware with innovative recognition algorithms. ######################################## ABSTRACT This paper describes the Twin-Otter SAR Testbed developed at Sandia National Laboratories. This SAR is a flexible, adaptable testbed capable of operation on four frequency bands: Ka, Ku, X, and VHF/UHF bands. The SAR features real-time image formation at fine resolution in spotlight and stripmap modes. High-quality images are formed in real time using the overlapped subaperture (OSA) image-formation and phase gradient autofocus (PGA) algorithms. http://www.sandia.gov/RADAR/files/igarss96.pdf
milstar: http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6864827.html
milstar: Abstract The dominant parameter characterising a ground penetration radar (GPR) system is its dynamic range. The dynamic range is indicative of the penetration potential of a given system. It is the purpose of this paper to give an outline of how the dynamic range of radar systems can be calculated and compared. This is done using the radar equation coupled with the concept of matched filter receiver. The dynamic range of an impulse radar is compared with the dynamic range of a synthetic pulse radar. The conclusion is that a synthetic pulse radar system developed by the authors' organisation has a 40 dB higher dynamic range than that of a commercially available GPR-system. The potential dynamic range of the synthetic pulse GPR system is more than 200 dB. #################################################################################################
milstar: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/21125844/Performance-Limits-for-Synthetic-Aperture-Radar
milstar: malenkij SAR dlya BPLA ,cena -2.4 nln $ ,foto na linke http://defensenews-updates.blogspot.com/2010_02_12_archive.html Northrop Grumman is working under a 78.5 million dollar contract with the Army's Robotics and Unmanned Sensors Product Office at Aberdeen Proving Grounds, to provide a total of 33 STARLite radar systems between now and April 2011. The radar deliveries followed a compressed 18 month post-contract award schedule that included the successful completion of a rigorous battery of qualification tests of the radar as well as independent performance verification tests conducted by the Army's Test and Evaluation Center at the Yuma Proving Grounds, AZ. "STARLite passed customer-mandated reliability, operational and environmental qualification tests, including 1,200 hours of operational testing without a single hardware failure," said Pat Newby, vice president of Northrop Grumman's Land and Self Protection Systems Division. "The demonstrated high-reliability of STARLite will help ensure our warfighters have this significant improvement in surveillance capability readily available to them in theatre, when needed, in the war against terrorism." Each STARLite radar features both SAR and GMTI capabilities and comes equipped with a complete software package for interfacing with the U.S. Army One Common Ground Station, enabling easy operator control of the SAR maps and ground moving target detection indication on standard Army maps. ################################################################################################ he AN/ZPY-1 leverages Northrop Grumman's experience in creating the proven Tactical Endurance Synthetic Aperture Radar and the Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Radar.
milstar: http://esto.nasa.gov/conferences/estc2008/presentations/HeaveyB6P1.pdf Digital beamforming consept 35 ghz SAR
milstar: Session A5, Paper #1 Simulation Study of UWB-OFDM SAR for Navigation Using a Kalman Filter K. Kauffman, J. Raquet, Air Force Institute of Technology; Y. Morton, D. Garmatyuk, Miami University Alternatives to GPS are necessary for robust navigation solutions. In environments such as urban canyons, indoor applications, or areas with active jamming, non-GPS based position and velocity sensors must be used to obtain or aid navigation solutions. There are a number of sensors that have been used for navigation, however in many situations these sensors do not operate well. The addition of alternative sensors allows the navigation platform to operate under more diverse environmental conditions. In our previous work, we developed an ultra-wide-band (UWB) orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) radar system prototype [1] with 500MHz baseband bandwidth. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- The UWB-OFDM sensor exhibits many useful properties for navigation. Like other UWB systems, it has high resolution target ranging and localization when used as a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) [2]. The OFDM waveform has good potential for anti-jamming and multipath mitigation [3][4]. Using an active UWB-OFDM sensor allows for even greater anti-jamming capabilities over other sensors using RF signals of opportunity ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . Since our prototype is software defined, the OFDM symbol is changeable on a pulse-to-pulse basis. This allows the spectrum of the signal to be modified in real time to avoid narrow-band interference, such as GPS. One obstacle in using UWB-OFDM for navigation is the high computational requirements for constructing SAR images in real-time. Our previous study developed an efficient algorithm for computing partial SAR images rapidly for real-time high resolution positioning of a small number of targets [5]. Recently, we developed and simulated a two-dimensional dead-reckoning navigation system based on an active, on-board UWB-OFDM sensor [6]. This initial work assumes that a single aerial vehicle (AV) moves along a fixed axis recording raw SAR data in a stripmap configuration, with random persistent scatterers located along the axis of travel. A sparse target SAR algorithm [5] was combined with a two-stage tracking and estimation algorithm to obtain both the AV and target positions in real time. In the first stage, the initial known positions of the AV and the AV-target range measurements obtained by the UWB-OFDM sensor are used to estimate targets locations. In the second stage, the newly estimated target positions are combined with existing and new range measurements to infer AV positions. Through this preliminary investigation, we demonstrated the feasibility of using the UWB-OFDM sensor as a navigation aid, under various ideal assumptions. In this paper, we extend our previous work by making several drastic improvements. First, the two-stage estimation and tracking algorithm is replaced with a Kalman filter based approach. Second, an inertial navigation sensor is incorporated into the simulation. Third, more realistic models are used to replace some of the ideal assumptions used in previous study: 1. The persistent scatterers are replaced by conductive spheres modeled using Lorenz-Mie theory [7] to account for frequency-dependent distortion of the UWB waveform. 2. Swerling target models [8] are used to account for time-varying stochastic properties of the target´s radar cross section. 3. The channel is modeled using realistic signal propagation path loss instead of a white Gaussian noise channel. The paper presents the detailed implementation of new Kalman filter based estimation and tracking algorithm and analyzes the effects of the frequency and time dependent distortion in the measurement data due to the more realistic target and channel models. The estimated AV position is compared to the actual simulated flight distance. The position drift is calculated for varying conditions, such as target availability, target and channel model parameters, and received SNR. Performance evaluations demonstrate the robustness of the Kalman filter based approach. Quantitative comparisons of solutions generated by the new implementation with our previous two-stage approach will also be discussed. [1] D. Garmatyuk, K. Kauffman, J. Schuerger, and S. Spalding, "Wideband OFDM System for Radar and Communications," in Proceedings of 2009 IEEE Radar Conference, Pasadena, CA, 2009. [2] D. S. Garmatyuk, "Simulated imaging performance of UWB SAR based on OFDM," in Proc. 2006 IEEE Int. Conf. on Ultra-Wideband, Waltham, MA, 2006, pp. 237-242. [3] J. Schuerger and D. Garmatyuk, "Deception jamming modeling in radar sensor networks," in Proc. 2008 Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), San Diego, CA, Nov. 2008. [4] C. Schexnayder, J. Raquet, and R. Martin, "Effects of Oversampling and Multipath on Navigation Using OFDM Signals of Opportunity," Proceedings of ION GNSS-2008, Savannah, GA, Sep 2008. [5] K. Kauffman, "Fast target tracking technique for synthetic aperture radars," M.S. thesis, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA, 2009. [6] K. Kauffman, Y. Morton, J. Raquet, D. Garmatyuk, "Simulation study of UWB-OFDM SAR for dead-reckoning navigation," Proc. ION ITM, San Diego, CA, Jan. 2010. [7] A. Stratton: Electromagnetic Theory, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1941. [8] Skolnik, M. Introduction to Radar Systems: Third Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001. http://www.ion.org/meetings/past/gps2002/A5.cfm
milstar: 1. FGAN 681 km ,800 mgz radar video http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/shuttle_movie.gif W diapzone Ku 15-17 ghz rabotajut radari B-2 Spirit HAX Auxilary 12 metrow ,ydalos poluchit polosu 2000 mgz FGAN FGAN Radar 34 metra appertura 1.8 sm (15-17 ghz Ku band) Snimok s distanzii 681 km http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/track/fgan.pdf 2. http://www.sandia.gov/RADAR/imageryka.html kollekzija image ot 35 ghz synthetic apperture radar razr.sposobnost' 4 inches -10 sm,100 millimetr Contact: To send feedback or request information about the contents of Sandia National Laboratories' synthetic aperture radar website, please contact: Nikki L. Angus Synthetic Aperture Radar Website Owner Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM 87185-1330 (505) 844-7776 (Phone) (505) 845-5491 (Fax) nlangus@sandia.gov http://www.sandia.gov/RADAR/movies.html kollekzija video s SAR Ku band i raz sposb 300 mm
milstar: http://solidearth.jpl.nasa.gov/insar/documents/InSAR_Concept_Study%20Report_7-27-04c.pdf InSAR Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Concept Study Report JPL 2004 Figure 4-2. InSAR Radar Modes str 29 /40 ############################ 4.7 Payload Accommodation str 45/56 ################### The ECHO design utilized the Astrium spacecraft bus, had a baseline antenna size of 2 m x 13.8 m, and was designed to fit within the Dnepr launch vehicle fairing. To increase the performance margin the InSAR mission is baselining a larger SAR antenna compared to ECHO. The Spectrum Astro SA-200HP bus was examined for the InSAR mission. The resulting preliminary Flight System configuration included accommodation of the larger (2.5 m x 13.8 m) InSAR antenna and met the Delta II 2920-10 payload fairing volume constraints. The Ball Aerospace BCP 2000 bus was also examined for the InSAR mission. This configuration included the larger SAR antenna (2.5 m x 13.8 m) and preliminary analysis indicates the design can meet the Delta II 2920-10 payload fairing volume constraints. Previous studies and the InSAR industry survey effort give high confidence in the ability to accommodate the InSAR payload on a commercial spacecraft bus. str 51/62 ########### 4.10.2 L-band Transceiver The L-band Transceiver takes the IF chirp generated at 142.5 – 222.5 MHz and upconverts it to L-band (1220 – 1300 MHz) with a local oscillator of 1440 MHz (thus inverting the spectrum). Using this high-side LO mixing scheme produces no mixing intermodulation products in the L -band chirp. In the Receive chain, it is desirable to avoid requiring very sharp filters since they are more sensitive to phase vs. temperature variations, and are more bulky. So, the L-band filter is generous and its purpose is to only limit possible interference and noise into the receiver. With an LO of 1320 MHz (again inverting the spectrum) the resulting baseband frequency range of 22.5 to 102.5 We chose an offset video frequency range of 22.5MHz to 102.5MHz to be digitized at 250MSps 4.11.2 Science Acquisition ADC A high sampling rate ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) was investigated for conversion of the analog offset video receive signal into a digital stream. The goal was to identify a fairly high speed, low power ADC for InSAR science data acquisition. A minimum sampling rate of 250 MHz is required to sufficiently sample the bandwidth. 80 mgz T.e . po treb .NASA esli ADC emeet 1.5 GSPS to polosa signala mozet bit maximum 500 mgz ############################################################## nachalnaya w PRO/BMDO Lincoln laboratory C-band radar Samoletnix RLS NIIP AFAR i F-22 do 1000 mgz
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