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doktrina/operazii w kosmicheskom prostranstwe
milstar: http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/service_pubs/afdd2_2_1.pdf Space and air superiority are crucial first steps in any military operation. ################################################ Space superiority is a distinctive capability of the Air Force. ######################################### The Air Force brings space expertise across the spectrum of military operations, whether as a single Service or in conjunction with other Services in joint operations. ######################################################## Counterspace has offensive and defensive operations, which are dependent on robust space situation awareness (SSA). Counterspace operations are conducted across the tactical, operational, and strategic levels of war by the entire joint force (air, space, land, sea, information, or special operations forces). Within the counterspace construct, any action taken to achieve space superiority is a counterspace operation. Examples of counterspace operations include: 1.�� Improving the commander’s situational awareness and view of the battlespace. Find, fix, track, target, engage, and assess space capabilities. 2.�� Instituting appropriate protective and defensive measures to ensure friendly forces can continuously conduct space operations across the entire spectrum of conflict. 3.�� Operations to deceive, disrupt, deny, degrade, or destroy adversary space capabilities. 1.Space Situation Awareness (SSA) ########################### SSA is the result of sufficient knowledge about space-related conditions, constraints, capabilities, and activities—both current and planned—in, from, toward, or through space. Achieving SSA supports all levels of planners, decision makers, and operators across the spectrum of terrestrial and space operations. SSA involves characterizing, as completely as possible, the space capabilities operating within the terrestrial and space environments. SSA information enables defensive and offensive counterspace operations and forms the foundation for all space activities. It includes space surveillance, detailed reconnaissance of specific space assets, collection and processing of intelligence data on space systems, and monitoring the space environment. It also involves the use of traditional intelligence sources to provide insight into adversary space and counterspace operations. 2.Defensive Counterspace (DCS) Operations ############################### DCS operations preserve US/friendly ability to exploit space to its advantage via active and passive actions to protect friendly space-related capabilities from enemy attack or interference. Friendly space-related capabilities include space systems such as satellites, terrestrial systems such as ground stations, and communication links. DCS operations are key to enabling continued exploitation of space by the US and its allies by protecting, preserving, recovering, and reconstituting friendly space-related capabilities before, during, and after an adversary attack. DCS operations may target an adversary’s counterspace capability to ensure access to space capabilities (e.g., an air strike against an active GPS jammer) and freedom of operations in space. Counterspace operations can provide a deterrent against attacks on US space assets. Robust counterspace capabilities send the message that potential adversaries cannot act upon space assets with impunity. SSA capabilities can convince an adversary it is impossible to hide use of space systems or attacks against friendly space systems. Demonstrated DCS capabilities may convince adversaries that an attack against a space system will be ineffective and will not significantly impair warfighting capabilities. 3.Offensive Counterspace (OCS) Operations ############################# OCS operations preclude an adversary from exploiting space to their advantage. OCS operations may target an adversary’s space capability (space systems, terrestrial systems, links, or third party space capability), using a variety of permanent and/or reversible means. The “Five Ds” —deception, disruption, denial, degradation, and destruction—describe the range of desired effects when targeting an adversary’s space systems. As adversaries become more dependent on space capabilities, counterspace operations have the ability to produce effects that directly impact their ability and will to wage war at the strategic, operational and tactical levels. Denying adversary space capabilities may hinder their ability to effectively organize, coordinate, and orchestrate a military campaign. For example, if adversaries reconstitute their command and control (C2) capabilities via satellite communications (SATCOM) after their ground-based communications network has been destroyed by precision bombing, offensive counterspace operations may be employed in conjunction to reduce or eliminate their ability to communicate with their forces.
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