Форум » Дискуссии » Operazionnie ysiliteli ,ZAP/AZP & (продолжение) » Ответить
Operazionnie ysiliteli ,ZAP/AZP & (продолжение)
milstar: 1941: First (vacuum tube) op-amp An op-amp, defined as a general-purpose, DC-coupled, high gain, inverting feedback amplifier, is first found in US Patent 2,401,779 "Summing Amplifier" filed by Karl D. Swartzel Jr. of Bell labs in 1941. This design used three vacuum tubes to achieve a gain of 90dB and operated on voltage rails of ±350V. ###################################################### It had a single inverting input rather than differential inverting and non-inverting inputs, as are common in today's op-amps. Throughout World War II, Swartzel's design proved its value by being liberally used in the M9 artillery director designed at Bell Labs. ######################################################################### This artillery director worked with the SCR584 radar system to achieve extraordinary hit rates (near 90%) that ####################################################################### would not have been possible otherwise.[3] ########################### http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier
milstar: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/ads5482.pdf 105 msps 16 bit ADS5482 12.9 10 mhz 12.88 enob 30 mhz from dbc SFDR 98 dbc 10 mhz ,30 mhz SINAD -79.5. 79.3 dbc -----------------------------------------
milstar: http://www.analog.com/en/products/analog-to-digital-converters/standard-adc/high-speed-ad-10msps/ad9467.html#product-documentation http://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD9467-EP.pdf https://landandmaritimeapps.dla.mil/Downloads/MilSpec/Vid/V6216611.pdf AD9467 SiGe 0.18 micron 2010 year ----------------------------------------------------------- analog input full scale 2.5 v ENOB 5 mhz -12.4 97-170 mhz 12.3 210 mhz -12.2 300 mhz -12.1 SFDR 5 mhz -97 db 97 -93 db 140 -95 db 170 -92 ,210 -92 60 fms jitter #####################
milstar: http://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD9650.pdf 80 msps 16 bit SINAD 82 82 enob 13.5 9.7 mhz ,13.2 30 mhz , SFDR 95.5 ,92
milstar: http://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/238718fa.pdf 18 bit 15 msps SINAD 1 mhz -94.5 db 2 mhz -92 ,3 mhz -88db SFDR 1 mhz -102 db dbfs Input level 1mhz -15 dbfs SFDR - -135 dbfs or -120 dbc
milstar: http://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/2107fb.pdf 210 msps 16 bit sinad 30 mhz -79.5,71 mhz -784.,141 mhz -787. dbfs pga =0 SFDR 30 mhz dither off input -25dbfs -107.4 dbfs=-82 dbc ,on-124 dbfs =-99 dbc
milstar: To develop in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) data, the SPS-48E radar uses an intermediate-frequency (IF) sampling technique with an IF bandwidth of approximately 400 kHz, IF center frequency of about 1.5 MHz, and analog-to-digital (A/D) sampling frequency of 6 MHz. There is a precise 4:1 relation between the IF sample frequency and the IF center frequency. If modulation effects across the received pulse- width are ignored, the echo may be thought of as several cycles of a sine wave. The sine wave is sampled at four times its rate, i.e., every 90 ° . Therefore, alternate samples will be in quadrature with each other. To account for modulation effects across the pulse, one sample is defined to be “I”; two leading and two trailing samples are combined by the fol- lowing equation to create the “Q” sample (s): http://techdigest.jhuapl.edu/TD/td1803/roul.pdf The AN/SPS-48G is a long-range, three-dimensional (3D), air search radar that is progressively being installed on CVN, LHA, LHD and LPD classes of ships, replacing the AN/SPS-48E. The program of record is to backfit the existing AN/SPS-48E population with the AN/SPS-48G variant from 2011 through 2021, and to keep this system operational through the year 2050. As of the end of 2016, the AN/SPS-48G is already installed or in the process of installation aboard CVNs 68-72, CVNs 74-76, LHDs 1-3, LHD 7, LHA 7 and LPDs 26-27. The AN/SPS-48G is used to provide full volumetric detection data for the Ship Self Defense System (SSDS) via the Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC) or the SYS-2 tracker; Air Intercept Control; Anti-Ship Cruise Missile detection including low elevation and high diver targets; backup aircraft marshalling; and the new Hazardous Weather Detection and Display Capability. http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=1250&ct=2
milstar: http://www.wirelessinnovation.org/assets/Proceedings/2012Europe/2012-europe-a-4.1.3-ulbricht-presentation.pdf Analog-to-Digital Conversion – the Bottleneck
milstar: http://www.eewebinar.co.kr/webinar/attach/07-22-15_RADAR_Webcast_Update.pdf
milstar: В числе новинок «Ангстрема» будут представлены решения для систем мобильной связи, базовых станций и систем сбора данных: 12-разрядный аналого-цифровой преобразователь 5023НВ04А5, 5023НВ04В5 и 14-разрядный аналого-цифровой преобразователь 5023НВ015, а также микросхемы АЦП на 14 двоичных разрядов типа 5023НВ035, 5023НВ035Р с частотой дискретизации 150 МГц и низкой потребляемой мощностью 150 мВт. Подробнее: http://www.cnews.ru/news/top/2016-03-14_angstrem_pokazhet_vse_svoi_razrabotki 2016
milstar: http://www.dcsoyuz.com/files/content/ADC/specifikacija_5112nv035_ver1.1.pdf
milstar: The SFDR of the ADC is a key factor that restricts how much additional analogue signal processing circuitry must be used between the devices and the antennae [2],[3],[4]. This issue is recognized as a key problem in the defence research area internationally. SFDR limits the useful range and resolution of RADAR [5] and the service area of communication systems. Some results of defense funded projects in the UK, Australia and the USA have been published [6],[7],[8],[9],[10]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285598493_Dynamic_range_limits_of_RF_ADCs
milstar: https://www.teledyne-e2v.com/shared/content/resources/File/documents/broadband-data-converters/EV12AQ600/EV12AQ600_PDS.pdf sampling rate of 6 GSps. This high flexibility enables digitization of IF and RF signals with up to 3 GHz of instantaneous bandwidth. With an extended input bandwidth above 6 GHz (EFPBW) the EV12AQ600 allows sampling of signals directly in the C-band (4-8 GHz) without the need to translate the signal to baseband through a down- conversion stage. The latency is 126 system clock cycles. 4 channel mode at 1.5Gsps at -1dB FS output level: - Fin = 748 MHz (NZ1): ENOB: 8.7 bit / SFDR: 71 dB FS using normal bandwidth (NFPBW) - Fin = 1480 MHz (NZ2): ENOB: 8.4 bit / SFDR: 63 dB FS (NFPBW) - Fin = 1900 MHz (NZ3): ENOB: 8.1 bit / SFDR: 64 dB FS (NFPBW)
milstar: EV12AD550 is a dual S - band capable 12bit ADC intended for space applications that is built using a true single core architecture per channel providing high spectral purity. With a 3dB input bandwidth up to 4.3GHz , it allows for direct digitization in S - ban d without frequency down - conversion. Synthetic Aperture Radar systems will also be able to operate this ADC with reduced dynamic range at frequencies beyond 5GHz without frequency down - conversion https://www.teledyne-e2v.com/shared/content/resources/File/documents/broadband-data-converters/EV12AD550/EV12AD550B_DS.pdf Ea rth observation SAR payload Telecommunication satellite payload Satellite data links Satellite altimeter Satellite TWTA compensation system Satellite to satellite laser data links
milstar: https://www.teledyne-e2v.com/shared/content/resources/File/documents/broadband-data-converters/EV12AD550/Te2v_EV12AD550A_PF_EU.pdf https://www.teledyne-e2v.com/shared/content/resources/File/documents/broadband-data-converters/EV12AD550/Boost_economics_in_agile_high_throughput_SatCom_payloads-e2v.pdf
milstar: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD9208.pdf The AD9208 is a dual, 14-bit, 3 GSPS analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The device has an on-chip buffer and a sample-and- hold circuit designed for low power, small size, and ease of use. This product is designed to support communications applications capable of direct sampling wide bandwidth analog signals of up to 5 GHz. The −3 dB bandwidth of the ADC input is 9 GHz.
milstar: Advanced Technologies Pave the Way for New Phased Array Radar Architectures https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/advanced-technologies-pave-the-way-for-new-phased-array-radar-architectures.html
milstar: Advanced Technologies Pave the Way for New Phased Array Radar Architectures https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/advanced-technologies-pave-the-way-for-new-phased-array-radar-architectures.html A large proliferation of digital beamforming phased array technology has emerged in recent years. The technology has been spawned by both military and commercial applications, along with the rapid advancements in RF integration at the component level. Although there is a lot of discussion of massive MIMO and automotive radar, it should not be forgotten that most of the recent radar development and beamforming R&D has been in the defense industry, and it is now being adapted for commercial applications. While phased array and beamforming moved from R&D efforts to reality in the 2000s, a new wave of defense focused arrays are now expected, enabled by industrial technology offering solutions that were previously cost prohibitive. A generic beamforming phased array signal flow is shown in Figure 2. The number of elements is chosen at the system architect level, based on aperture size, power, and antenna pattern requirements. Front-end modules are behind each antenna element. https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/tech-articles/advanced-technologies-pave-the-way-for-new-phased-array-radar-architectures.pdf
milstar: heterodyne Proven and trusted High performance Optimum spurious High dynamic range EMI immunity ------------ SWaP Many filters =================== direct conversion Maximum ADC bandwidth Simplest wideband option ---------- mage rejection I/Q balance In-band IF harmonics LO radiation EMI immunity (IP2) DC and 1/f noise ================ https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/advanced-technologies-pave-the-way-for-new-phased-array-radar-architectures.html The superheterodyne approach, which has been around for a hundred years now, is well proven and provides exceptional performance. Unfortunately, it is also the most complicated. It typically requires the most power and the largest physical footprint relative to the available bandwidth, and frequency planning can be quite challenging at large fractional bandwidths. The direct sampling approach has long been sought after, the obstacles being operating the converters at speeds commensurate with direct RF sampling and achieving large input bandwidth. Today, converters are available for direct sampling in higher Nyquist bands at both L- and S-band. In addition, advances are continuing with C-band sampling soon to be practical, and X-band sampling to follow. Direct conversion architectures provide the most efficient use of the data converter bandwidth. The data converters operate in the first Nyquist, where performance is optimum and low-pass filtering is easier. The two data converters work together sampling I/Q signals, thus increasing the user bandwidth without the challenges of interleaving. The dominant challenge that has plagued the direct conversion architecture for years has been to maintain I/Q balance for acceptable levels of image rejection, LO leakage, and dc offsets. In recent years, the advanced integration of the entire direct conversion signal chain, combined with digital calibrations, has overcome these challenges, and the direct conversion architecture is well positioned to be a very practical approach in many systems. Here at Analog Devices, we are continually advancing the technology for all the signal chain options described. The future will bring increased bandwidth and lower power, while maintaining high levels of performance, and integrating complete signal chains in system on chips (SoC), or system in packages (SiP) solutions.
milstar: https://www.analog.com/media/en/analog-dialogue/volume-53/number-1/high-performance-data-converters-for-medical-imaging-systems.pdf High Performance Data Converters for Medical Imaging Systems Digital Radiography The signal-to-noise ratio ( SNR ) is another important parameter that defines the intrinsic ability of the system to faithfully represent the anatomic features of the imaged body. Digital X-ray systems use 14-bit to 18-bit ADCs with SNR levels ranging from 70 dB up to 100 dB depending on the type of the imaging system and its requirements. Computed Tomography The ADC must have high resolution of at least 24 bits to achieve better and sharper images, and a fast sampling rate to digitize detector readings that can be as short as 100 μs. The ADC sampling rate must also enable multiplexing, which would allow the use of fewer converters as well as the reduction of the size and power of the entire system. Positron Emission Tomography The photons’ energy and the detection time difference impose strict requirements on the ADC, which must have good resolution of 10 to 12 bits and fast sampling rates typically better than 40 MSPS. Low noise performance to maximize the dynamic range and low power operation to reduce heat dissipation are also important for PET imaging. Magnetic Resonance Imaging ADCs for direct digital conversion of the MR signals in the most common frequency ranges at conversion rates exceeding 100 MSPS at a 16-bit depth. The requirement for dynamic range is very demanding—it typically exceeds 100 dB. Ultrasonography One of the most important requirements imposed on the AFE is the dynamic range. Depending on the imaging mode, this requirement can demand 70 dB to 160 dB to distinguish between blood signals and background noise resulting from probe and body tissue movements. Therefore an ADC must provide high resolution, a high sampling rate, and low total harmonic distortion ( THD ) to maintain dynamic fidelity of the ultrasound signal. Low power dissipation is another important requirement dictated by the high channel density of the ultrasound front end.
milstar: 1.Diagnostic Imaging Market worth $36.43 billion by 2021 2. LTE base stations 5G approx 70 billion $ in 2023
полная версия страницы