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S band (2-4 ghz) radar's &
milstar: Aegis SPY 3.1-3.4 ghz PFAR s polnim zapolneniem 4350 elementow na odnu storonu sdiametrom pribl 3.7 metra(10 kw .metrow) http://navysite.de/weapons/aegis.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/SPY-1 The AN/SPY-1 is a US naval radar system manufactured by Lockheed Martin. The array is a passive electronically scanned system and is a key component of the Aegis Combat System. The system is computer controlled, using four complementary antennas to provide 360 degree coverage. The system was first installed in 1973 on the USS Norton Sound and entered active service in 1983 as the SPY-1A on USS Ticonderoga
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milstar: https://mostlymissiledefense.com/2016/07/17/thaad-radar-ranges-july-17-2018/ https://mostlymissiledefense.com/2012/09/21/ballistic-missile-defense-radar-range-calculations-for-the-antpy-2-x-band-and-nas-proposed-gbx-radars-september-21-2012/#more-420 Модификация AN/SPY 3.1-3.5 ghz и THAAD обе используют inverse SAR и могут быть эффективны для противоракетной обороны но главный недостаток площадь апертуры недостаточна дальность соответственно выдвигаются предложения о удвоении апертуры THAAD кроме то в условиях плохой погоды и низких углах места дальность РЛС X band ( 8-12 ghz )падает в 5-6 раз можно сконструировать РЛС L Band для плохих погодных условий и мобильную с высокой разрешающей способностью полосой сигнала 500 mhz 750-1250 mhz апертурой 16x 6 метров но это потребует ее установки на MZKT от комплекса Ярс кроме того возможно удвоить апертуры электронным методом два комплекса рядом и мультигигабитный канал связи соответствующие ADC для подобных РЛС стоят 647 $ https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD9625.pdf контраргументы атака в группе , заход на Цель на фоне вспышки от ядерного взрыва резко повышается шумовая температура РЛС While the angular resolution of missile defense radars is typically far too poor to separate objects in the cross-range directions unless they are 100s of meters or even many kilometers apart, their range resolution can be a fraction of a meter. The range resolution of a radar is largely determined by its bandwidth https://mostlymissiledefense.com/2012/08/29/ballistic-missile-defense-why-the-current-gmd-systems-radars-cant-discriminate-august-28-2012/ ############################################## U.S. X-band radars operate at a center frequency of about 10 GHz and reportedly have a bandwidth of 1 GHz.[2] According to the above formula, this bandwidth would then give a minimum range resolution of ∆R = 0.15 m = 15 cm. In practice, the actual minimum resolution is often somewhat greater: the U.S. X-band missile defense radars reportedly have a range resolution of about 25 cm https://mostlymissiledefense.com/2012/08/29/ballistic-missile-defense-why-the-current-gmd-systems-radars-cant-discriminate-august-28-2012/ ##################################################### AN/SPY-1 Radar” using a 400 MHz wideband waveform constructed from ten 40 MHz bandwidth pulses frequency jumping from 3.1 to 3.5 GHz.[8] A 2002 paper cites a bandwidth of 300 MHz for Aegis.[9] Such a bandwidth would likely permit a range resolution of about 0.5-1.0 meters. The 4.0.1 version of the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense system, which is now entering service, added an adjunct BMD Signal Processor that, among other things, allows the formation of two-dimensional inverse synthetic aperture images with better resolution than had previously been possible, which implies a wideband capability.[7] https://mostlymissiledefense.com/2012/08/03/ballistic-missile-defense-the-aegis-spy-1-radar-august-3-2012/ ########################################## https://www.vpk-news.ru/articles/59750 AN/SPY-1 Radar” using a 400 MHz wideband waveform constructed from ten 40 MHz bandwidth pulses frequency jumping from 3.1 to 3.5 GHz.[8] A 2002 paper cites a bandwidth of 300 MHz for Aegis.[9] Such a bandwidth would likely permit a range resolution of about 0.5-1.0 meters. The 4.0.1 version of the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense system, which is now entering service, added an adjunct BMD Signal Processor that, among other things, allows the formation of two-dimensional inverse synthetic aperture images with better resolution than had previously been possible, which implies a wideband capability.[7] https://mostlymissiledefense.com/2012/08/03/ballistic-missile-defense-the-aegis-spy-1-radar-august-3-2012/ ####################### L Band FPS 117 https://lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed-martin/rms/documents/ground-based-air-surveillance-radars/FPS-117-fact-sheet.pdf ABT Accuracy range <50m Height <762 m Azimuth < 0.18 ° ################# http://lesnovak.com/images/australia.pdf SAR is a radar that synthesizes a long aperture as anaircraft flies along its path. Thus, a SAR can achieve cross-range resolutions that could otherwise be attained only with along antenna. In SAR mode, the Lincoln Laboratory MMWradar has 1 ft by 1 ft resolution. To achieve 1 ft azimuthresolution, a synthetic aperture of approximately 150 m lengthis constructed by processing 1 sec of data as the plane flies.To achieve 1 ft range resolution, 600 MHz bandwidth pulsesare used ############## Almaz-Antey literature on the S-400 / SA-21 system states that compatible interfaces are available between the S-400 battery and the Gamma DE system. The azimuthal tracking accuracy of 0.17-0.2°, elevation accuracy of 0.2-0.3° and range accuracy of 60-100 metres make this radar eminently capable of providing midcourse guidance updates for a range of SAM systems. For comparison, the 64N6E Big Bird ( 2ghz )series used in the SA-20/21 has around twice the angular and range tracking error magnitude compared to the Gamma DE. http://ausairpower.net/APA-Rus-Low-Band-Radars.html#mozTocId228464 ############## https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/systems/an-spy-1.htm WEAKNESSES The system is designed for blue water and littoral operations however AN/SPY-1 configuration must be modified to look above the terrain to avoid causing excessive false targets from land clutter. These configuration changes may increase ship susceptibility to low and fast targets. Once a target is engaged and the initial salvo fired, WCS will not allow the target to be reengaged (second salvo) until a kill evaluation has been completed. AN/SPY-1 antenna height is lower than the AN/SPS-49 radar system resulting in reduced radar horizon. DDG-51 Class are not equipped with a AN/SPS-49 radar (no secondary air search radar) Must hold an AN/SPY-1 track. Cannot engage on a remote or AN/SPS-49 track unless equipped with CEC. ################ https://mostlymissiledefense.com/2019/05/22/new-aegis-radar-to-be-100-times-more-sensitive-than-current-radar-may-22-2019/ New Aegis Radar to be 100 Times More Sensitive than Current Radar (May 22, 2019) New Aegis Radar to be 100 Times More Sensitive than Current Radar (May 22, 2019) In my post of February 11, 2019, I discussed a number of planned new S-band radars, including the Navy’s Air and Missile Defense Radar (AMDR), which is scheduled to begin deployment on the Navy’s new Flight III Aegis destroyers in about 2023. In that discussion, I used the standard claim that the AMDR, also designated the SPY-6(V)1, would be about 15 dB = 30 times more sensitive than the current SPY-1 radar on U.S. Navy cruisers and destroyers. I also noted, however, that there were some recent indications the AMDR might be even more sensitive, possibly by a factor of 40-70 over the SPY-1. ######################## https://mostlymissiledefense.com/2019/02/12/https-mostlymissiledefense-com-new-s-band-missile-defense-radars-in-the-pacific-february-11-2018/ My post of January 30, 2019 discusses why S-band band was chosen over X-band (8-12 GHz, which could enable greater discrimination capability); it was basically a matter of cost. The bandwidth and range resolution of LRDR are also not publicly known; it seems possible the range resolution could be as low as 0.5 m or somewhat less. As with the TPY-2 X-band radar and the Aegis SPY-1, the LRDR will certainly have the capability to use Doppler measurements to form two-dimensional (or possibly even three-dimensional) images. ############# https://mostlymissiledefense.com/2012/08/29/ballistic-missile-defense-why-the-current-gmd-systems-radars-cant-discriminate-august-28-2012/ Ballistic Missile Defense: Why the Current GMD System’s Radars Can’t Discriminate (August 28, 2012) The resolution of a radar is the minimum separation between two objects for which the radar can determine that there are two objects present rather than just one. Thus if two objects are separated by 5 meters in range, a radar with a range resolution of one meter would not only be able to identify that there were two objects present (assuming there is adequate signal-to-noise), but also be able to measure the difference in range between the two objects and to estimate the radar cross section of each object. On the other hand, if the radar range resolution was 20 meters, it would see the two objects as a single target. For a given target, if the range resolution of the radar is significantly less than the length of the target, then it can attempt measure the length of the target (length here means the dimension of the target along the range axis). This information could be used, for example, to distinguish between a 2 meter long warhead and an eight meter long rocket booster stage, as shown in Figure 2 below. If the range resolution of the radar is small enough, it could potentially measure the position and radar cross section of radar scatterers along the length of the target, thus creating a range profile of the target that might be further useful in identifying it. Radars measure the position of objects in both range and angle (cross-range). While the angular resolution of missile defense radars is typically far too poor to separate objects in the cross-range directions unless they are 100s of meters or even many kilometers apart, their range resolution can be a fraction of a meter. The range resolution of a radar is largely determined by its bandwidth, the extent of frequencies over which a radar can operate in a single measurement. The theoretical minimum range resolution a radar can achieve is given by: ∆R = c/(2β), where c is the speed of light β is the bandwidth (in Hz). This can be rewritten as: ∆R = (0.15 m)/βG, where βG is the bandwidth in GHz (1×109 Hz). For a phased-array radar (as all modern U.S. missile defense radars are), it is difficult to implement a bandwidth much greater than about 10% of the radar’s operating frequency. For example, the current generation of U.S. X-band radars operate at a center frequency of about 10 GHz and reportedly have a bandwidth of 1 GHz.[2] According to the above formula, this bandwidth would then give a minimum range resolution of ∆R = 0.15 m = 15 cm. In practice, the actual minimum resolution is often somewhat greater: the U.S. X-band missile defense radars reportedly have a range resolution of about 25 cm.[3] Radars that can operate with large bandwidths (several hundreds of MHz or more) are referred to as wideband radars. Provide that the target they are observing has some rotational motion with respect to the radar, wideband radars can also use Doppler processing to obtain a small resolution in one cross-range direction, enabling the production of two-dimensional radar images, as shown in Figure 1 above, that are potentially useful for discrimination. However, the Upgraded Early Warning Radars at the core the U.S. GMD system, which operate at a frequency of about 0.44 GHz, have maximum bandwidths of about 10 MHz (0.001 to 0.01 GHz), corresponding to a range resolution of about 15 m.[4] Thus these radars are completely unable to use length measurements to distinguish a warhead from a piece of debris or a rocket booster stage, much less from an intentional decoy. This point is clearly made by figure 2 below, taken from a Lincoln Laboratory briefing. It shows that a radar with the bandwidth of the X-Band radars (1 GHz = 103 MHz) EWRs can easily distinguish between a warhead and a booster stage or a piece of debris by measuring their lengths (assuming there is adequate signal-to-noise to do so). On the other hand, the Upgraded Early Warning Radars (bandwidth = 10 MHz = 101 MHz) have no capability to so at all.
milstar: The Long Range Discrimination Radar at S-Band? (April 20, 2015) It appears likely that the Ground-Based Midcourse (GMD) Defense’s new Long Range Discrimination Radar (LRDR) will operate at S-band instead of at X-band. This raises the question of whether the better range resolution that would have been available at X-band is being sacrificed in order to keep the initial cost of the LRDR down to about $1 billion. Or is there some other reason? https://mostlymissiledefense.com/2015/04/20/the-long-range-discrimination-radar-at-s-band-april-20-2015/
milstar: Country of origin United States Type 3D Air-search Frequency E and F band (2 to 4 GHz) Range 250 nmi (460 km) Altitude 100,000 ft (30,000 m) Diameter 17 ft (5.2 m) by 17 ft 6 in (5.33 m) Azimuth 0-360° Elevation 0-65° Precision 690 ft (210 m) elevation 1/6° azimuth Power 35 kW (avg) A three-dimensional radar is mounted on a base that allows for 360 degrees of rotation. The target can be located at a given azimuth. The range of the target is also identified due to the time it takes the beam to go out and back to the receiver. What makes this radar system different is its ability to detect the height of the target above the surface of the water. With these three pieces of data the radar’s central processor has the ability to place the target in an X,Y,Z, 3 dimensional space. For the SPS-48 in particular, the antenna is mechanically rotated to scan azimuth, while beams are electronically steered to cover elevation by varying the transmitter frequency.[1] The 4,500 lb (2,000 kg) antenna is capable of rotating at 7.5 or 15 rpm. According to ITT Exelis, the system has a range exceeding 200 nmi (370 km) and can track targets up to 69 degrees in elevation. The AN/SPS-48E is capable of providing target range, bearing and altitude information using a frequency-scanning antenna using a range of different frequencies in E band and F band with three power modes: high, medium and low. SPS-48 radars stack multiple beams in a train of pulses at different frequencies. The beams scan different elevation areas, allowing the stack to cover up to 69 degrees of elevation. https://encyclopedia.smartencyclopedia.eu/content/an-sps-48-3-d-air-search-radar/
milstar: https://www.radartutorial.eu/19.kartei/07.naval/karte010.en.html AN/SPS-48E IEEE Band: S Band NATO Band: E and F Bands Exact Frequency: 2908 – 3110 MHz Peak Power: 2,400 kW Scan Rate: 15 rpm Pulse Width: 27 μS Antenna Gain: 39.1 dBi Above Deck Weights: 5,684 lbs Below Deck Weights: 24,018 lbs Power: 112 kVA @ 440 Hz. Precision 690 ft (210 m) elevation 1/6° azimuth Notes: Long range 3D air search radar. Track While Scan. Can track out to about 220 nm. comparsion to L Band AN/SPS-49 IEEE Band: L Band NATO Band: C Band Exact Frequency: 851-942 MHz Peak Power: 360 kW Average Power: 12-13 kW Beamwidth: 3.3°-3.3° azimuth, 11° elevation Gain: 28.5 dB Scan Rate: 6 or 12 rpm PRF: 280 pps (long range) or 800/1,000 pps (Short range) Pulse Length: 125 usec Range Accuracy: 0.03 nm Azimuth Accuracy: 0.5 degrees Minimum Range: 0.5 nautical miles Maximum Instrumented Range: 250 nautical miles https://www.alternatewars.com/BBOW/Radar/SPS_Series.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20041105110012/https://wrc.navair-rdte.navy.mil/warfighter_enc/weapons/SensElec/RADAR/sps48.htm
milstar: https://lemz.ru/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/%D0%A2%D0%A0%D0%9B%D0%9A-%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%9A%D0%90-2-%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%A1.pdf Министерство обороны сообщало, что в начале июня радиолокационная станция (РЛС) «Сопка-2» на острове Врангеля участвовала в поиске малоразмерных целей, имитирующих БЛА. По данным военных, все они были обнаружены и классифицированы. Информацию обобщили и проанализировали, а затем оперативно передали на командный пункт ПВО Восточного военного округа. https://iz.ru/1179073/anton-lavrov-anna-cherepanova/poliarnyi-drug-kak-v-arktike-uchilis-zashchishchatsia-ot-bespilotnikov
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