Форум » Дискуссии » Радиоэлектронная разведка » Ответить
Радиоэлектронная разведка
milstar: 8 The mono-pulse or sum-difference RDF technique uses two antennas. The antennas are connected to a four-port combiner 180° hybrid that generates a sum and difference signal. Such sum and difference patterns are generated by means of closely spaced overlapping radiation patterns at boresight. These signals form sum and difference radiation patterns. The ratio of the sum and difference signals and knowledge of the sum and difference patterns are used to determine the direction of the transmitter. Phase information is used to determine on which side of the sum pattern the transmitter is. An advantage of this system is in its capability to determine the direction of a transmitter after receiving one pulse. Such pulse could be a mere few microseconds. Accuracies of 10meter over a 100Km distance has been reported. ------------------------------------------------------------- https://www.alarisantennas.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/An-Introduction-to-Radio-Direction-Finding.pdf https://www.alarisantennas.com/blog/an-introduction-to-radio-direction-finding/ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Precision Receiver Inc. Precision Receivers Incorporated (PRI) New technology PRI has introduced proprietary technology to reduce spurious responses in analog to digital converter systems. All ADCs have quantization and timing errors creating spurs in the outputs of ADCs. These spurs degrade the sensitivity of Cellular, SIGINT, COMINT, ELINT and EW systems. Many schemes have been implemented to mitigate these problems such as clock dithering, but the schemes have tradeoffs and consequences including a reduction in the dynamic range of a system. PRI’s technology reduces the magnitude of all the spurs across the IF bandwidth and over the entire RF input bandwidth, nearly the entire Fs/2 as well as all the Nyquist zones. Figure 2 (next page) shows the ENOB performance of PRI’s new technology, current ADC chips and a competitor’s digitizer board. Figure 3 shows the SNR performance of PRI’s new technology. Existing competitive 2.5 GSPS systems struggles to achieve 10 effective bits or ENOB. PRIs technology achieves almost 11.5 bits of ENOB. Increased performance will serve to enhance future systems and PRI’s technology allows for an easy upgrade to existing platforms. Other BW’s are available as well as other clock rates and more ruggedized formfactors are being developed. Precision Receivers Incorporated Introduces 1st HDRR Receiver The HDRR-3.6G-12B is a single-channel signal collection and recording system incorporating PRI proprietary technology to reduce spurious responses in the analog to digital converter. The system collects and records signals across a large (>1GHz) BW. HDRR technology is described as the industry’s most effective way to improve the performance of direct-sampled receivers employed in electronic warfare, radar, signals and communications intelligence, spectrum monitoring, and wireless communications systems. HDRR technology provides an order-of- magnitude improvement in reducing unwanted spurious signals to levels previously unachievable using other methods and increases spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) by up to 16 dB. HDRR-3.6G-12B PRI Inc 4111 Rutledge Ln, Marshall, VA 20115 Phone (202) 773-4252 info@precisionreceivers.com www.precisionreceivers.com Precision Receiver Inc. Precision Receivers Incorporated (PRI) New technology PRI has introduced proprietary technology to reduce spurious responses in analog to digital converter systems. All ADCs have quantization and timing errors creating spurs in the outputs of ADCs. These spurs degrade the sensitivity of Cellular, SIGINT, COMINT, ELINT and EW systems. Many schemes have been implemented to mitigate these problems such as clock dithering, but the schemes have tradeoffs and consequences including a reduction in the dynamic range of a system. PRI’s technology reduces the magnitude of all the spurs across the IF bandwidth and over the entire RF input bandwidth, nearly the entire Fs/2 as well as all the Nyquist zones. Figure 2 (next page) shows the ENOB performance of PRI’s new technology, current ADC chips and a competitor’s digitizer board. Figure 3 shows the SNR performance of PRI’s new technology. Existing competitive 2.5 GSPS systems struggles to achieve 10 effective bits or ENOB. PRIs technology achieves almost 11.5 bits of ENOB. Increased performance will serve to enhance future systems and PRI’s technology allows for an easy upgrade to existing platforms. Other BW’s are available as well as other clock rates and more ruggedized formfactors are being develop https://precisionreceivers.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/HDRR-3.6G-12B-Product-Sheet.pdf ############# SIGINT Direction finding comparsion Time Difference of Very High Precision, Very Complex, At Least 3 Aircraft; High Quality Arrival (Pulsed Signals) https://www.phys.hawaii.edu/~anita/new/papers/militaryHandbook/sig-sort.pdf WPI MQP Group: Daniel Guerin - ECE Shane Jackson - Physics Jonathan Kelly - CS/ECE Phase Interferometry Direction Finding Lincoln Laboratory https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-101012-211424/unrestricted/DirectionFindingPresentation.pdf Passive Direction Finding [DF] Techniques – DTOA (Difference Time of Arrival) Comparison Written By Riccardo Ardoino The Time-Of-Arrival (TOA) comparison measurement can be done with a two antennas receiver, a third antenna is used to eliminate ambiguity, and four antennas are used to cover 360° in Azimuth. Assuming two antennas at distance “B” between them (order 10m). Assuming incident radiation from the emitter >> B (≈ Infinite). The difference in Time of Arrival observed at the two antennas is ∆TOA, with ∆R = B x sin (DOA) equal to the optical path difference. https://www.emsopedia.org/entries/passive-direction-finding-df-techniques-dtoa-difference-time-of-arrival-comparison/
Ответов - 76, стр:
1 2 3 4 All
milstar: https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1049/rsn2.12352 FIGURE 10 Angle of arrival (AOA) estimation performance with different element numbers
milstar: to : https://guraran.ru/prezidiym_raran.html to JSC KNIRTI mypager@ya.ru copy for information to ... re: Радиоразведка КНИРТИ 2022 Разработка сверхширокополосного высокоточного малогабаритного фазового пеленгатора/ фазовый интерферометр ,сценарий ,компоненты , 152 мм Краснополь ,2 пoста радиоразведки-база 20 километра, противник на удалении 10 км https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/razrabotka-sverhshirokopolosnogo-vysokotochnogo-malogabaritnogo-fazovogo-pelengatora/viewer иллюстративный сценарий ------------------------------------------------ a. противник Терминал Starlink автомашины командного пункта,система ПВО и так далее https://apps.fcc.gov/els/GetAtt.html?id=301648&x= Broadband Uplink (Earth-to-space) 14.0-14.5 GHz the highest transmit power is 4.06 W and thehighest EIRP for all carriers is 38.2 dBW. The antenna gain is highest at boresight (33.2 dBi and 34.6 dBi for the receive and transmit antennas , respectively) and lowest at maximum slant (30.6 dBi and 32.0 dBi for the receive and transmit antennas, respectively) уровень боковых лепестков для пeлeнгa -20db b. 2 пoста радиоразведки-база 20 километра противник на удалении 14.142 км от каждого поста,10 kм перпендикуляр к базе равносторонний треугольник с углами 45 градусов , при допустимой ошибкe пеленга 0.1 градуса (tg(45.1)-tg(45) )x 10000 = +- 35 метр Оши́бка 0.1 градуса -высокий результат -------------------------------------------------- https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Multiple-Array-Spacings-for-an-Interferometer-With-Lee-Kim/e05278827ccae29a93090d079bc8697467920b0f Multiple Array Spacings for an Interferometer Direction Finder With High Direction-Finding Accuracy in a Wide Range of Frequencies Jung-Hoon Lee, Jong-Kyu Kim, Young-Ju Park Published in IEEE Antennas and Wireless… 7 February 2018 novel method for achieving high direction-finding (DF) accuracy that is below 0.1° root mean square error (RMSE) in phase interferometer systems is proposed. To do this, unambiguous array spacing with maximum phase-difference error is first obtained, and then the set of array spacing with both the longest baseline and the maximum phase-different error is selected. An example to achieve an accuracy below 0.1° RMSE in the frequency range of 6–18 GHz with a field of view of 120° is provided to validate the proposed method. Simulation results show that 0.026° RMSE DF accuracy is achieved нo использовать Краснополь с отклонением 3-5 метров без внешней коррекции с БПЛА нецелесообразно Краснополь 3-4 миллионa рублей пo сопоставимым ценам 110 000 euro Exalibur Танк армата 152 мм -300 миллионов рублей пo сопоставимым ценам 13 mln euro Leopard 2a7 ниже возможные варианты но они не дешевле --------------------------------------------------------------------------- BONUS gives 155 mm cannon artillery long-range capability searchof targets within a given search footprint, up to 32,000 square meters. =круг с диаметром 200 метров https://www.baesystems.com/en/product/155-bonus SMArt 155 (Suchzünder Munition für die Artillerie 155, sensor-fuse munition for 155mm artillery) is a German 155 mm artillery round, designed for a long range, indirect fire top attack role against armoured vehicles. The SMArt carrier shell contains two submunitions with infrared sensor and millimeter wave radar, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- which descend over the battlefield on ballutes and attack hardened targets with explosively formed penetrator warheads. SMArt 155 is very similar to BAE Systems AB’s Bofors 155 Bonus system; BONUS descends on a system of winglets rather than a parachute https://militaryleak.com/2022/03/19/giws-waits-for-green-light-on-smart-155-long-range-artillery-round-phase-2/ https://www.gd-ots.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/SMArt155.pdf -------------------------------------- Варианты Корнета Д с АРГСН Усовершенствованная АРГС 9Б-1103М-150 20-летней давности Усовершенствованная активная радиолокационная головка самонаведения 9Б-1103М (диаметр 150 мм) Радиолокационное оборудование Тактико-технические характеристики: 1. Состав: - управляемый координатор с антенной; - передающий канал; - приемный канал; - перепрограммируемая бортовая вычислительная система в составе управляющего компьютера и сигнального процессора. 2. Дальность захвата цели с ЭПР=5 м2 не менее 13 км. 3. Быстродействие бортовой вычислительной системы не менее 50.10 in 6 оп/с. 4. Объём памяти (ППЗУ) бортовой вычислительной системы не менее 64К. 5. Время готовности после предварительного включения накала на передатчик - 1с. 6. Длина (без обтекателя) 400 мм. 7. Масса (без обтекателя) не более 8 кг. 8. Диаметр 150 мм. По желанию Заказчика параметры АРГС могут изменяться. #################### SBIR Traditionally, a SIGINT system requires special-purpose hardware (both RF and digital) and custom-design algorithms to rapidly and reliably detect targeted signals of interests known a priori. However, recent advances in wireless communications across the globe, especially low-cost software defined radios and their wide availability, readily allow our adversaries to devise and dynamically change communication schemes and patterns that are inherently much harder to detect using such conventional SIGINT means. Consequently, a new SIGINT system is needed that can process in as near real-time as possible a wideband spectrum (500 MHz+) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 nm Analog-to-Digital Converters Enable Next-Generation Electronic Warfare Receiver Systems https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/28-nm-adcs-enable-next-gen-electronic-warfare-rec-sys.html In general, a higher IF frequency in the 2nd or 3rd ADC Nyquist zone is preferred from a spurious perspective. We will outline the benefits by first showing a frequency plan translating a 10 GHz operating band to the 1st Nyquist of a 3 GHz ADC, then show the benefits when operating in the 2nd Nyquist zone. ######################################################## Figure 4. The AD9082 with decimation set to 96×. Measured SNR is 72.8 dB and measured SFDR is 105 dB. ----------------------- SNR is a more linear improvement, as the decimation filters reduce the amount of integrated noise for the receiver chain. With no decimation, the SNR is 56.4 dBFS; at 8× decimation, the SNR is 63.5 dBFS; and at 96× decimation, the SNR is 72.8 dBFS. As a point of comparison, best-in-class data converter performance for ~100 MSPS devices like the AD9467 and LTC2208 is an SNR of 75 dB and an SFDR of 100 dBc. This class of performance has long been required by the heterodyne signal chains in which ADCs like the AD9467 were commonly used. The AD9082 can achieve the same noise and dynamic range, while eliminating the heterodyne signal chain size, weight, power, and cost—and it is also able to scale to much higher instantaneous bandwidths as required! https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/tech-articles/considering-gsps-adcs-in-rf-systems.pdf ######################################### Introduction into Theory of Direction Finding https://cdn.rohde-schwarz.com/us/campaigns_2/a_d/Introduction-Into-Theory-of-Direction-Finding.pdf ----------------------------------------------------------------------- HPack Full On-the-Move (OTM) & At-the-Halt (ATH) Manpack Collection & Geolocation Solution ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Radio: HTLx-T2 Wideband Transceiver 2 MHz - 18GHz Rx/Tx 4 Independent or Phase Coherent Channels 80 MHz IF Bandwidth per HPack Channel USB Control & COTS MANET Interfaces / Config-C Compliant User Interface via Rugged Windows Tablet https://www.herricktechlabs.com/htl-products-and-solutions/mission-solutions/ https://www.herricktechlabs.com/htl-products-and-solutions/htl-core-radios/ HTLx2-U Small Form-Factor Multichannel VHF/UHF/Microwave Transceiver The HTLx2-U is a 4 channel Software Defined Radio designed to support various missions. Extended frequency range 2 MHz-20,000 MHz. 100 MHz instantaneous BW/channel, 400 MHz total Herrick Technology Laboratories Inc. (HTL) is a leading provider of high performance, SIGINT/EW/Communications products and systems to the US Department of Defense. HTL designs and manufactures integrated hardware and software products and systems implemented through a Core Software Defined Radio (SDR) platform. The SDR platform incorporates high performance, multi-channel RF and Microwave receive and transmit (transceiver) functionality along with mission specific firmware/software applications. HTL products are deployed in demanding mission environments, requiring best in class SWaP-C (Size, Weight and Power - Cost). https://www.herricktechlabs.com/about/company-overview/ HTLw-U Small Form-Factor Multichannel HF/VHF/UHF/Microwave Transceiver The HTLw-U is a 4 channel Software Defined Radio designed to support various missions. Extended frequency range 2 MHz-18 GHz with 1 GHz IFBW per channel (4 GHz total coverage) ------------------------------ Home ProductsAerospace | Defense | SecurityRadiomonitoringReceivers and direction findersR&S®PR200 Portable monitoring receiver R&S®PR200 Portable monitoring receiver Detect, analyze and locate RF signals from 8 kHz to 8 GHz (20 GHz with R&S®HE400DC and 33 GHz with R&S®HE800-DC30) Extensive preselection filtering and automatic overload protection Comprehensive tool for frequency and time domain analysis with up to 40 MHz real-time bandwidth High-speed panorama scan with up to 60 GHz/s over the entire frequency range Optimized for demanding field operations with an intuitive application-oriented user interface and minimal size, weight and power consumption https://scdn.rohde-schwarz.com/ur/pws/dl_downloads/pdm/cl_brochures_and_datasheets/product_brochure/3606_9591_12/MP007_bro_en_3606-9591-12_v0600.pdf Frequency range from 8 kHz to 40 GHz (base unit from 20 MHz to 18 GHz) Up to 2 GHz real-time bandwidth and scan speeds of up to 2500 GHz/s 8 DDC channels including pulse analyzers within real-time bandwidth Processing of up to 1 million pulses per second Simultaneous processing and analysis of data in time and frequency domain https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/us/products/aerospace-defense-security/elint/rs-wpu2000-wideband-processing-unit_63493-833006.html ------------------------------ https://www.mrcy.com/products/boards/fpga-analog-io-boards/DRF3182-3U-VPX-Board Fast Direct RF Wideband Data Capture at the Edge COTS 3U VPX processing board powered by the Intel® Stratix® 10 AX SoC FPGA Electronic warfare, radar and ELINT applications demand direct RF solutions to deliver low-latency, fast data processing solutions for critical real-time decision-making. The DRF3182 offers heterogenous FPGA processing with explosive A/D & D/A speeds of 51.2 GSPS, Ku band frequency coverage from 2-18 GHz and six 100 GigE interfaces with an aggregate throughput of 75 GB/sec ------------------------------------------------------- SIGINT market https://www.researchdive.com/5478/signals-intelligence-sigint-market
milstar: phased interferometer or an array is a high-cost and large-size system with a very high-resolution and an RMS of 0.1° to 3° [11]. Most RWR systems use a four-quadrant amplitude comparison for DF, where only one antenna per quadrant is usually employed to cover the 2 to 18 GHz band. Sensitivity and accuracy can be improved by increasing the number of antennas, e.g., employing eight antennas would provide 3 dB more gain and double the accuracy [11]. https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a617071.pdf
milstar: https://resources.epiqsolutions.com/hubfs/Sidekiq-VPX410-datasheet.pdf?hsLang=en idekiq VPX410 is a revolutionary, CMOSS/SOSA - aligned software- defined radio (SDR) multichannel RF tuner solution enabling SIGINT/EW/ Communications use cases in a 3U VPX form factor. Combining four RF receive tuners plus one RF transmit tuner in a single 3U VPX card, Sidekiq VPX410 enables access to RF spectrum between 1MHz and 18 GHz with up to 1 GHz of instantaneous bandwidth per channel. Dimensions 160 mm x 100 mm x 25 mm
milstar: https://www.xilinx.com/products/boards-and-kits/1-ghe82j.html https://www.militaryaerospace.com/computers/article/16709306/demanding-high-speed-i-o
milstar: challenge was to instantaneously and continuously monitor 10 MHz – 18 GHz with sufficient accuracy and dynamic range to detect and report any RF signals that could potentially damage the sensors in the satellite payload. The system’s front end would be located close to the launch site, where it would be exposed to extreme environmental shock and vibration conditions, while the digital signal processing would be performed in a receiver at a sheltered location 10 km away. A 100 Gb/s fiber optic network would transport the high-speed digital data from the launch site to the receiver site. Size, weight, power, and cost (SWaP-C) were important drivers for development and manufacturing. After an in-depth design effort, BANC3’s team turned to Intel and Analog Devices to provide the critical components necessary to accomplish this challenging mission. This design is implemented using three AD9208 ADCs and one Intel® Stratix® 10 FPGA. https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/central-libraries/us/en/documents/2022-06/digital-receivers-revolutionize-rf-spectrum-monitoring-architectures-white-paper.pdf
milstar: https://www.mms-rf.com/products/msdd-6600 3.0" x 5.8" x 0.57" 30-6000 MHz tuning range Independent or Coherent Tuning Less than <10 W Up to 40 MHz Digitized Bandwidth Fast 300 usec tune time Precision Time Tagging Software definable FFT/DDC options Up to 64 Digital Down Converters (DDC’s --------------------------- WRX-626G-D https://www.mms-rf.com/products/wrx-626g-d 6-26 GHz Coherent Dual Channel Ultra-Wideband Microwave Digital Receiver 4.08" x 6.91" x 1.21" 6-26.5 GHz tuning range Two complete RF Tuners Phase Coherent Operation 500 MHz Digitized BW per RF Tuner 8 DDC’s (100 MHz BW per DDC) 125 MSPS I/Q 16-bit data for each DDC 1 Gb Ethernet Control and Spectrum 40 Gb IQ Data Interface (QSFP+) Precision Time Tagged Data Streams Low Power: <40 W VITA-49 and SDDS data formats Low Phase Noise (0.30° RMS, typ., <18 GHz) Low 14 dB noise figure Manual and Automatic Gain Control ------------- MSDD-118/126G-D Dual Channel Phase Coherent Miniature 1-18/26 GHz Microwave Digital Receiver 4.0” x 7” x 2” 800 MHz – 18/26.5 GHz tuning range Two complete RF Tuners Phase Coherent Operation 60 MHz analog WBIF output (@70 MHz IF) Manual Gain Control / AGC
milstar: ADC components with sampling frequency in the range of gigasamples per are fundamental to capture wideband signals. In ADCs, one of the most important parameters is its spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) that quantifies its ability to distinguish a carrier frequency from noise and harmonics so ADCs with a high SFDR can detect weaker signals in a noisy environment. SFDR can be improved by suppressing unwanted harmonics with antialiasing filters, but this is not feasible in wide-band applications, so the ADC must provide wideband SFDR. Several requirements are common to almost any SIGINT application. First, the system must be able to capture a spectrum over a wide bandwidth. This includes devices with high dynamic range measurement systems, low noise-figures, and real-time capturing capabilities. Besides measuring over a wide spectrum, high-frequency resolution (< 1 kHz) is fundamental to improve detection sensitivity. https://www.mpdigest.com/2022/08/22/using-sdrs-for-signals-intelligence-sigint/
milstar: State of the Art Tuner Chipsets for Electronic Warfare Applications By Marki Microwave, Posted Wed May 29 2019 Modern battlefields are awash in electronic signals from radars, jammers, and radio communications. Therefore, high linearity EW receivers for applications such as Radar Warning Receivers, Jammers, and Electronic Countermeasures are one of the most important capabilities for the modern warfighter. Any electronic warfare system, regardless of its ultimate goal, must first detect the electromagnetic signals around it using a receiver. One of the most common subcomponents in an electronic warfare receiver is a microwave tuner, which scans a given bandwidth (frequently from 2-18 GHz) and converts these signals to a baseband receiver. https://markimicrowave.com/technical-resources/tech-notes/state-of-the-art-tuner-chipsets-for-electronic-warfare-applications/ This heterodyne tuner architecture using multiple conversions is extremely common. Depending on system requirements (and in particular whether the entire spectrum needs to be visible at once, or whether the receiver is trying to focus on a single threat at a time) all of these techniques are used. In this tech note we will focus on the double conversion architecture from option 3, as shown below: At first this architecture may seem overly complex, especially as it uses higher frequency components that are more difficult to realize than in a direct conversion scheme. However, this architecture dramatically reduces the in-band spurs. If we imagine the same scenario where the user wants to identify a 6 GHz threat, the tuner would use a 28 GHz LO and see the following spurs in band: number and intensity of the spurs that are present in the converted band (in particular the elimination of the image frequency). In the first scheme the isolation from RF to IF is a concern at low frequencies, and isolation from the LO back to the RF path is a concern at all frequencies. In this double conversion scheme none of the isolations are critical (other than that they determine spur suppression). A much more detailed spur analysis is given below, but the spur problem is greatly reduced compared to the direct conversion scenario.
milstar: to :https://guraran.ru/prezidiym_raran.html copy for information to .. re: все российские бронемашины в настоящее время оснащаются системами радиоэлектронной борьбы (РЭБ) "Лесочек". - Владимир Путин/ the double conversion architecture dramatically reduces the in-band spurs. State of the Art Tuner Chipsets for Electronic Warfare Applications 2-18 Ghz -стоимость ,технология ,схемотехника "Вы знаете: и в системах РЭБ многие вещи появляются. Вы наверняка знаете все эти названия, может быть, даже лучше меня. "Лесочек" - новая система, практически на все бронемашины ставится, ну, насколько это возможно, конечно. Будем наращивать, разумеется" - Владимир Путин стоимость важнейших компонентов для двухканального приемника 6000+900+4680+6000 =approx 17500 usd +фильтры +ниокр + сборка + настройка = approx 100 000 120 000 usd приемлемо ,compare стоимость снаряда 152 mm Exalibur 110 000 euro соответствующей технологии и схемотехники ADC/FPGA 0.028 micron нет есть в Китайской народной республике,на схемотехнику ADC лучше скопировать, это инженерно тоже не простая задача ############################################ цены в России ниже чем в Америке ,нo соответствующей технологии и схемотехники ADC нет Танк Армата с 152 мм пушкой= 300 миллионов рублей, compare Leopard 2A7 13 mln euro Коалиция СВ ? миллионов рублей compare Pzh 2000 17 mln euro Краснополь -3 миллионa рублей compare Exalibur 110 000 euro Активные боевые действия наступление 1000 Армата = 300 млрд рублей 25 боекомплектов на 50 дней 25x40x1000 1 миллион снарядов Краснополь = 3 триллионa рублей https://fei-elcomtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Product-Release-SIR-4000.pdf SIR-4100 ELINT/MASINT Receiver: • Input Frequency 0.1 to 40 GHz • <100 usec in-band switching • 1.8 GHz IF Output with 1GHz BW and instantaneous bandwidth (up to 2 GHz) critical to RWR applications. два канала x 1.8 GHz IF Output with 1GHz BW ------------- смесители цена с военной приемкой MM1-1850SS+MM1-0626S 0.15 micron GaAs 2x2 (900+600) =6000 usd +4 LO Amplifier Selection we need to discuss the importance and strategy to generate a proper LO drive signal. 4x $226.61 =900 usd ADC AD9213-6G 0.028 micron с военной приемкой цену умножить на 2 2x2x1170 =4680 usd FPGA Xilinx Virtex 6 0.028 micron 1 на два канала с военной приемкой цену умножить на 2 3000x2=6000 usd https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/central-libraries/us/en/documents/2022-06/digital-receivers-revolutionize-rf-spectrum-monitoring-architectures-white-paper.pdf State of the Art Tuner Chipsets for Electronic Warfare Applications ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- после стоят АДС, FPGA как сказано выше ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://markimicrowave.com/technical-resources/tech-notes/state-of-the-art-tuner-chipsets-for-electronic-warfare-applications/ By Marki Microwave, Posted Wed May 29 2019 Modern battlefields are awash in electronic signals from radars, jammers, and radio communications. Therefore, high linearity EW receivers for applications such as Radar Warning Receivers, Jammers, and Electronic Countermeasures are one of the most important capabilities for the modern warfighter. In this tech note we will focus on the double conversion architecture this architecture dramatically reduces the in-band spurs. ####################################### from option 3, as shown below: RF 2-17 GHz LO swept 23.5-40.5 GHz First IF 21.5 -22.5 GHz ,Fixed 2LO 23.5 GHz Second IF 1-2 GHz Component Requirements 2 Mixer Working from right to left, the second mixer in the architecture has an easy enough job, but it should still have sufficient dynamic range to prevent distortions in the downconversion. Marki recommends the MM1-0626S for this slot. https://octopart.com/mm1-0626ss-marki+microwave-136172355 10 $ 600.68 за один https://shop.markimicrowave.com/products/detail/mm10626hs-marki-microwave/690935/ Quantity Price 1 - 9 $ 614.70 10 - 24 $ 555.77 ------ 1 Mixer 0.15 micron GaAS The MM1-1850SS is a high linearity passive double balanced MMIC mixer. The S diode offers superior 1 dB compression, two tone intermodulation performance, and spurious suppression to other GaAs MMIC mixers. https://markimicrowave.com/products/connectorized/mixers/mm1-1850ss/ https://shop.markimicrowave.com/products/detail/mm11850ss-marki-microwave/686056/ Quantity Price 1 - 9 $931.50 10 - 24 $842.08 https://markimicrowave.com/technical-resources/tech-notes/state-of-the-art-tuner-chipsets-for-electronic-warfare-applications/ LO Amplifier Selection we need to discuss the importance and strategy to generate a proper LO drive signal. 1 - 9 $226.61 необходимо два https://markimicrowave.com/products/connectorized/amplifiers/amm-6702uc/ https://shop.markimicrowave.com/products/detail/amm6702ch-marki-microwave/685320/ ------------------- IP3 Analysis The dynamic range of a system is limited by noise (for low power signals) and distortion (for high power signals). The first component of distortion to be considered is the main signal compression as expressed by the P1dB. For an ultra-broadband system like the wideband tuner, however, the input signal is typically limited to a power level much lower than the P1dB. Spurious products (single and multitone) cause distortions that limit system performance much lower than the main signal compression. The first of these we’ll consider is multitone intermodulation distortion, as expressed by the IP3. Here is a comparison of the IP3 of the different mixer options under our standard frequency plan, but limited to the 2-18 GHz band (due to the band rolloff of the T3). ------------------------------ ADC https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/ad9213.pdf AD9213-6G 0.028 micron $1,171.12 [url=https://www.analog.com/en/parametricsearch/10826#/p3062=1|1&p7=12|24&p1746=3G|20G]https://www.analog.com/en/parametricsearch/10826#/p3062=1|1&p7=12|24&p1746=3G|20G[/url] 6 GSPS Vp-p -1.4 volt Rin -50 Ohm AIN = −1.0 dBFS Fin 2600 mhz ENOB -8.4 bit SFDR 76 dbFS EXCLUDING 2 OR 3 HARMONIC -85 dbFS (IMD3, 2fIN1 − fIN2) fIN1 AND fIN2 = −7.0 dBFS fIN1 = 1842 MHz, fIN2 = 1847 MHz -80 dbFS 12 mm × 12 mm, 192-ball BGA-ED package Total Power Dissipation (Including Output Drivers -3.47 watt high speed ADC with a sample rate of 6 GSPS has a first Nyquist zone from DC to 3 GHz, and a second Nyquist zone from 3 GHz to 6 GHz. ---------------------------------------- the carrier frequency 1.8 GHz. Now the HD2 product would fall at 3.6 GHz, and the HD3 product would fall at 5.4 GHz—both of which are in the second Nyquist zone. These HD2 and HD3 products will alias to the first Nyquist zone at 2.4 GHz and 600 MHz, respectively. The HD2 product alias in the first Nyquist zone will occur at 2.4 GHz, and the HD3 product alias in the first Nyquist zone will occur at 600 MHz. What is interesting in the second use case is that now the HD2 and HD3 products are both above and below the desired tone. tone 1800 mhz ------------------------------- HD2 product would fall at 3.6 GHz, HD3 product would fall at 5.4 GHz ----------------------------------------------- HD2 and HD3 products will alias to the first Nyquist zone at 2.4 GHz and 600 MHz, hat is interesting in the second use case is that now the HD2 and HD3 products are both above and below the desired tone. 600mhz -Tone 1800mhz -2400 mhz -3600 mhz-5400mhz https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/tech-articles/considering-gsps-adcs-in-rf-systems.pdf ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ADC components with sampling frequency in the range of gigasamples per are fundamental to capture wideband signals. In ADCs, one of the most important parameters is its spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) that quantifies its ability to distinguish a carrier frequency from noise and harmonics so ADCs with a high SFDR can detect weaker signals in a noisy environment. SFDR can be improved by suppressing unwanted harmonics with antialiasing filters, but this is not feasible in wide-band applications, so the ADC must provide wideband SFDR. ####################################### Several requirements are common to almost any SIGINT application. First, the system must be able to capture a spectrum over a wide bandwidth. This includes devices with high dynamic range measurement systems, low noise-figures, and real-time capturing capabilities. Besides measuring over a wide spectrum, high-frequency resolution (< 1 kHz) is fundamental to improve detection sensitivity. https://www.mpdigest.com/2022/08/22/using-sdrs-for-signals-intelligence-sigint/ The global tactical military communications market, which comprises airborne, naval, man-portable, vehicular and stationary, is set to see substantial growth over the coming decade. According to market analysis by GlobalData says, by the end of 2028, the sector will be worth $151bn globally. This growth is driven largely by demand for man-portable innovations, which account for more than a third of the market (38%).approx $ 60 bn The global market for Defense Tactical Radio estimated at US$11.2 Billion in the year 2022, is projected to reach a revised size of US$23.6 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 9.8% over the analysis period 2022-2030 https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/12/04/2790152/0/en/Global-Defense-Tactical-Radio-Strategic-Market-Report-2023-2030-Rise-in-need-for-End-to-End-Automated-Tactical-Radio-Field-Testing-Platform-as-Military-Attempts-to-Modernize-Equipm.html SIGINT Global Market https://www.researchdive.com/5478/signals-intelligence-sigint-market
milstar: 0.5 to 40 GHz standard instantaneous RF coverage with angle of arrival (AOA) on every pulse > High-gain antenna for direction finding and ELINT collection > Antenna gain: 24dB at 9 GHz typical > Omni antennas for 360° field of view RECEIVER PERFORMANCE > Multiple superheterodyne and digital receiver channels > Selectable bandwidths (500 MHz to 2.5 MHz for each channel) > 50 nsec minimum pulse width > FMCW radar detection and identification 0.25 MHz RF accuracy > 5 nsec PW accuracy > 10 nsec PRI accuracy https://www.l3harris.com/sites/default/files/2020-08/l3harris-es-5080-sell-sheet-sas.pdf
milstar: Direction Finding (DF) Spinning Antenna SystemDF SPINNER ANTENNA SYSTEM Direction Finding (DF) Spinning Antenna System ©2012 ASC Signal Corporation The ASC Signal spinning DF antenna system is a compact, lightweight DF antenna designed for mobile, marine and airborne applications. Frequency coverage is from 0.5 to 8 GHz with an extended band version up to 40 GHz available. Antennas are slant linear polarized with the high band antenna (2 - 18 GHz) also available in dual polarization if required. https://www.satellitedish.com/DF-DirectionFindingAntenna.pdf
milstar: https://www.kratosdefense.com/-/media/k/pdf/s/a/df-spinner-antenna.pdf 8.6 kg DF Spinning Antenna Frequency Range Low Band High Band Extended Band 0.5-2.0 GHz 2-18 GHz 18-40 GHz Polarization: 45° Slant Linear Antenna Gain * All Elevation Beamwidth, 15° Minimum VSWR: < 3.5:1 (measured at feedpoints) Spin Rate: 0 - 200 rpm Sector Scan Rate: >30° Sector: 1° - 60°/sec <30° Sector: 2x Sector Width°/ sec Size (excluding base casting & omni antenna) 19.5” Dia. x 17.5” High Weight 40 lb Omni Directional Antenna Low Band High Band 0.5-8.0 GHz 8.0-40 GHz Polarization Slant Linear Elevation 25° Typical Beamwidth 12° minimum (3 dB points) Deviation from Omni ±4 dB maximum VSWR: 0.5-0.85 GHZ <6:1 0.85-18.0 GHz <3.5:1 18.0-40.0 GHz <3.5:1 Size 19” Diameter x 15” High (48.26 cm x 38.1 cm) Weight 18 lbs (8.16 kg) Antenna Controller Dimensions (nominal) 15” x 8”x 22” (38.1cm x 20.3cm x 55.9cm) Half Long ATR, ARINC 404A Form Factor Weight 18 lbs (8.16 kg) The Kratos Spinning DF Antenna System is a compact, lightweight, rugged Direction Finding Antenna designed for ground-based, mobile, marine and airborne applications. Frequency coverage is 0.5 to 18 GHz with an extended band version up to 40 GHz available. Antennas are slant linear polarized allowing for vertical, horizontal and circular signal reception https://caes.com/sites/default/files/documents/productbrief-D-1509.pdf https://www.rockwellcollins.com/-/media/Files/Unsecure/Products/Product_Brochures/EW-Intelligence/SIGINT/ANT-1040/ANT-1040_data_sheet.ashx
milstar: Figure 6. Line-of-Site EW / ELINT Coverage https://www.jhuapl.edu/sites/default/files/2022-12/EWandSIGINT.pdf 500metr -98 km 2500 metr -212 km
milstar: https://www.l3harris.com/all-capabilities/df-360-series-antenna https://www.indracompany.com/sites/default/files/elint-fd_system_v0916_eng_baja_3_0.pdf https://www.marlboroughcomms.com/media/1159/cs-3030-elint-system.pdf
milstar: Цена приемлемая +10 % Танк Армата 152 mm стоит 300 миллионов рублей,152 mm Краснополь 3 миллиона рублей пo сопоставимым ценам Exalibur 110 000 euro Цена приемлемая Танк Leopard 2A7 стоит 13 миллионов евро ,контракт с Венгрией соответственно стоимость средств радиоразведки ,РЛС ,радиоподавления , системы космической связи в Танкe +10 % 1.3 миллион евро абсолютная норма Иллюстративный сценарий синие - ------------ Блуждающие минометы средства радиоразведки с базой пeлeнг азимут и дистанция и БПЛА с системой космической связи Starlink Терминал Starlink https://apps.fcc.gov/els/GetAtt.html?id=301648&x= Broadband Uplink (Earth-to-space) 14.0-14.5 GHz the highest transmit power is 4.06 W and thehighest EIRP for all carriers is 38.2 dBW. The antenna gain is highest at boresight (33.2 dBi and 34.6 dBi for the receive and transmit antennas , respectively) and lowest at maximum slant (30.6 dBi and 32.0 dBi for the receive and transmit antennas, respectively)уровень боковых лепестков для пeлeнгa approx -20db -26db +система территориальной связи 0.9-6GHZ https://www.analog.com/en/applications/technology/sdr-radioverse-pavilion-home/wideband-transceivers.html https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/small-form-factor-satcom-solutions.html красные ----------------- - танк с системой радиоразведки, РЛС ,управляемыми снарядами с дистанционным подрывом 1. красные - система радиоразведки необнаруживаемая ( пассивная только на прием ) противником работает в режиме 24/7 2. синие - запуск бпла на разведку 3. красные - пeлeнг с точностью 1 градус -------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. красные - включается радиоподавление -БПЛА зависает становится неподвижной целью включается РЛС ,огонь управляемым снарядом ,БПЛА сбит лучше уложиться в 30 секунд 5. синие - пeлeнг танкa ,минометный огонь 6. красные - выключается радиоподавление,РЛС танк меняет позицию --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- to: https://vm.ric.mil.ru/Redkollegiya re:Военная приемка. Т-80БВМ - летающий танк СВО силуэт танка с экраном video c 0:48 если это допустимо ,то внешние антенны радиоразведки ,радиподавления ,рлс 32 x 45 сантиметров тoже... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqijya4-J1o армия Индии стала пятой страной, пожелавшей защитить свои танки защитными козырьками. ----- Мангалы" идут в массы foto https://focus.ua/voennye-novosti/585693-mangaly-idut-v-massy-chto-pokazala-rf-na-forume-armiya-2023-foto украинский аграрный БПЛА "Баба Яга", оснащенный модулем спутниковой передачи данных Starlink. https://dzen.ru/b/ZYKz_9YM2kfxtfvm https://vk.com/wall-35660695_1554912?z=photo-35660695_457576825%2Fwall-35660695_1554912 внешние антенны радиоразведки ,радиподавления ,рлс 1.антенна пассивной радиоразведки https://www.l3harris.com/sites/default/files/2020-09/antenna-df-360-series-sas.pdf Direction Finding (DF) Spinning Antenna System 2.0 - 6.0 GHz (mid band) 6.0 - 18.0 GHz (high band) Electronic gain 22 dB (2 – 6 GHz), 31 dB (6 – 18 GHz) Dimension 12.59” diameter x 17.75” high 32 x 45 сантиметров Weight 40 lbs typical https://www.kratosdefense.com/-/media/k/pdf/s/a/df-spinner-antenna.pdf Antenna gain at Antenna Feeds 18 db at 8 Ghz -------------------------------------- ES-5080 mobile configuration foto gain 24 db The L3Harris ES-5080 is a combined ESM and ELINT digital receiver system designed for air, land and coastal surveillance in a mobile or fixed-site application. https://www.l3harris.com/sites/default/files/2020-08/l3harris-es-5080-sell-sheet-sas.pdf CS-1018ABN Airborne Spinning DF Antenna Unit https://www.marlboroughcomms.com/media/1163/cs-1018abn-airborne-spinning-df-antenna.pdf 2. антенна РЛС на дальности 5-10 километров в диапазоне Х,Кu диаметр примерно 30 сантиметров ANST-081010W0 Slotted Antenna Array https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5db32386f46e32203e649083/t/5efb8fee182451350f4362cc/1593544687949/ANST-081010W0.pdf при скорости полета бпла противника 40 метров в секунду на дальности 5 километров 120 секунд чтобы поразить управляемым снарядом с дистанционным подрывом 3. антенна радиоподавления для диапазона starlink Starlink downlink signal in the 10.7 to 12.7 GHz band 8-12 ghz 0.5 kg 10-12 dbi gain https://www.l3harris.com/sites/default/files/2021-11/as-48435-antenna-spec-sheet-sas-61551-web-front.pdf 8-12 ghz 30 dbi 6.6 kg 44.8 sm x 36.2 sm https://anteral.com/datasheets/lens-horn-antenna-wr90-30-dbi-gain.pdf GaN HEMT products, we prototyped a X-Band 9-10 ghz solid-state amplifier to achieve an output power of 700 W with a compact size of 200 (W) × 124 (H) × 20 (D) mm. https://sumitomoelectric.com/sites/default/files/2020-12/download_documents/E91-04.pdf ####################### to :https://guraran.ru/prezidiym_raran.html copy for information to .. re: все российские бронемашины в настоящее время оснащаются системами радиоэлектронной борьбы (РЭБ) "Лесочек". - Владимир Путин/ the double conversion architecture dramatically reduces the in-band spurs. State of the Art Tuner Chipsets for Electronic Warfare Applications 2-18 Ghz -стоимость ,технология ,схемотехника "Вы знаете: и в системах РЭБ многие вещи появляются. Вы наверняка знаете все эти названия, может быть, даже лучше меня. "Лесочек" - новая система, практически на все бронемашины ставится, ну, насколько это возможно, конечно. Будем наращивать, разумеется" - Владимир Путин стоимость важнейших компонентов для двухканального приемника 6000+900+4680+6000 =approx 17500 usd +фильтры +ниокр + сборка + настройка = approx 100 000 120 000 usd приемлемо ,compare стоимость снаряда 152 mm Exalibur 110 000 euro соответствующей технологии и схемотехники ADC/FPGA 0.028 micron нет есть в Китайской народной республике,на схемотехнику ADC лучше скопировать, это инженерно тоже не простая задача ############################################ цены в России ниже чем в Америке ,нo соответствующей технологии и схемотехники ADC нет Танк Армата с 152 мм пушкой= 300 миллионов рублей, compare Leopard 2A7 13 mln euro Коалиция СВ ? миллионов рублей compare Pzh 2000 17 mln euro Краснополь -3 миллионa рублей compare Exalibur 110 000 euro Активные боевые действия наступление 1000 Армата = 300 млрд рублей 25 боекомплектов на 50 дней 25x40x1000 1 миллион снарядов Краснополь = 3 триллионa рублей https://fei-elcomtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Product-Release-SIR-4000.pdf SIR-4100 ELINT/MASINT Receiver: • Input Frequency 0.1 to 40 GHz • <100 usec in-band switching • 1.8 GHz IF Output with 1GHz BW and instantaneous bandwidth (up to 2 GHz) critical to RWR applications. два канала x 1.8 GHz IF Output with 1GHz BW ------------- смесители цена с военной приемкой MM1-1850SS+MM1-0626S 0.15 micron GaAs 2x2 (900+600) =6000 usd +4 LO Amplifier Selection we need to discuss the importance and strategy to generate a proper LO drive signal. 4x $226.61 =900 usd ADC AD9213-6G 0.028 micron с военной приемкой цену умножить на 2 2x2x1170 =4680 usd FPGA Xilinx Virtex 6 0.028 micron 1 на два канала с военной приемкой цену умножить на 2 3000x2=6000 usd https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/central-libraries/us/en/documents/2022-06/digital-receivers-revolutionize-rf-spectrum-monitoring-architectures-white-paper.pdf State of the Art Tuner Chipsets for Electronic Warfare Applications ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- после стоят АДС, FPGA как сказано выше ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://markimicrowave.com/technical-resources/tech-notes/state-of-the-art-tuner-chipsets-for-electronic-warfare-applications/ By Marki Microwave, Posted Wed May 29 2019 Modern battlefields are awash in electronic signals from radars, jammers, and radio communications. Therefore, high linearity EW receivers for applications such as Radar Warning Receivers, Jammers, and Electronic Countermeasures are one of the most important capabilities for the modern warfighter. In this tech note we will focus on the double conversion architecture this architecture dramatically reduces the in-band spurs. ####################################### from option 3, as shown below: RF 2-17 GHz LO swept 23.5-40.5 GHz First IF 21.5 -22.5 GHz ,Fixed 2LO 23.5 GHz Second IF 1-2 GHz Component Requirements 2 Mixer Working from right to left, the second mixer in the architecture has an easy enough job, but it should still have sufficient dynamic range to prevent distortions in the downconversion. Marki recommends the MM1-0626S for this slot. https://octopart.com/mm1-0626ss-marki+microwave-136172355 10 $ 600.68 за один https://shop.markimicrowave.com/products/detail/mm10626hs-marki-microwave/690935/ Quantity Price 1 - 9 $ 614.70 10 - 24 $ 555.77 ------ 1 Mixer 0.15 micron GaAS The MM1-1850SS is a high linearity passive double balanced MMIC mixer. The S diode offers superior 1 dB compression, two tone intermodulation performance, and spurious suppression to other GaAs MMIC mixers. https://markimicrowave.com/products/connectorized/mixers/mm1-1850ss/ https://shop.markimicrowave.com/products/detail/mm11850ss-marki-microwave/686056/ Quantity Price 1 - 9 $931.50 10 - 24 $842.08 https://markimicrowave.com/technical-resources/tech-notes/state-of-the-art-tuner-chipsets-for-electronic-warfare-applications/ LO Amplifier Selection we need to discuss the importance and strategy to generate a proper LO drive signal. 1 - 9 $226.61 необходимо два https://markimicrowave.com/products/connectorized/amplifiers/amm-6702uc/ https://shop.markimicrowave.com/products/detail/amm6702ch-marki-microwave/685320/ ------------------- IP3 Analysis The dynamic range of a system is limited by noise (for low power signals) and distortion (for high power signals). The first component of distortion to be considered is the main signal compression as expressed by the P1dB. For an ultra-broadband system like the wideband tuner, however, the input signal is typically limited to a power level much lower than the P1dB. Spurious products (single and multitone) cause distortions that limit system performance much lower than the main signal compression. The first of these we’ll consider is multitone intermodulation distortion, as expressed by the IP3. Here is a comparison of the IP3 of the different mixer options under our standard frequency plan, but limited to the 2-18 GHz band (due to the band rolloff of the T3). ------------------------------ ADC https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/ad9213.pdf AD9213-6G 0.028 micron $1,171.12 [url=https://www.analog.com/en/parametricsearch/10826#/p3062=1|1&p7=12|24&p1746=3G|20G]https://www.analog.com/en/parametricsearch/10826#/p3062=1|1&p7=12|24&p1746=3G|20G[/url] 6 GSPS Vp-p -1.4 volt Rin -50 Ohm AIN = −1.0 dBFS Fin 2600 mhz ENOB -8.4 bit SFDR 76 dbFS EXCLUDING 2 OR 3 HARMONIC -85 dbFS (IMD3, 2fIN1 − fIN2) fIN1 AND fIN2 = −7.0 dBFS fIN1 = 1842 MHz, fIN2 = 1847 MHz -80 dbFS 12 mm × 12 mm, 192-ball BGA-ED package Total Power Dissipation (Including Output Drivers -3.47 watt high speed ADC with a sample rate of 6 GSPS has a first Nyquist zone from DC to 3 GHz, and a second Nyquist zone from 3 GHz to 6 GHz. ---------------------------------------- the carrier frequency 1.8 GHz. Now the HD2 product would fall at 3.6 GHz, and the HD3 product would fall at 5.4 GHz—both of which are in the second Nyquist zone. These HD2 and HD3 products will alias to the first Nyquist zone at 2.4 GHz and 600 MHz, respectively. The HD2 product alias in the first Nyquist zone will occur at 2.4 GHz, and the HD3 product alias in the first Nyquist zone will occur at 600 MHz. What is interesting in the second use case is that now the HD2 and HD3 products are both above and below the desired tone. tone 1800 mhz ------------------------------- HD2 product would fall at 3.6 GHz, HD3 product would fall at 5.4 GHz ----------------------------------------------- HD2 and HD3 products will alias to the first Nyquist zone at 2.4 GHz and 600 MHz, hat is interesting in the second use case is that now the HD2 and HD3 products are both above and below the desired tone. 600mhz -Tone 1800mhz -2400 mhz -3600 mhz-5400mhz https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/tech-articles/considering-gsps-adcs-in-rf-systems.pdf ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ADC components with sampling frequency in the range of gigasamples per are fundamental to capture wideband signals. In ADCs, one of the most important parameters is its spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) that quantifies its ability to distinguish a carrier frequency from noise and harmonics so ADCs with a high SFDR can detect weaker signals in a noisy environment. SFDR can be improved by suppressing unwanted harmonics with antialiasing filters, but this is not feasible in wide-band applications, so the ADC must provide wideband SFDR. ####################################### Several requirements are common to almost any SIGINT application. First, the system must be able to capture a spectrum over a wide bandwidth. This includes devices with high dynamic range measurement systems, low noise-figures, and real-time capturing capabilities. Besides measuring over a wide spectrum, high-frequency resolution (< 1 kHz) is fundamental to improve detection sensitivity. https://www.mpdigest.com/2022/08/22/using-sdrs-for-signals-intelligence-sigint/ The global tactical military communications market, which comprises airborne, naval, man-portable, vehicular and stationary, is set to see substantial growth over the coming decade. According to market analysis by GlobalData says, by the end of 2028, the sector will be worth $151bn globally. This growth is driven largely by demand for man-portable innovations, which account for more than a third of the market (38%).approx $ 60 bn The global market for Defense Tactical Radio estimated at US$11.2 Billion in the year 2022, is projected to reach a revised size of US$23.6 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 9.8% over the analysis period 2022-2030 https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/12/04/2790152/0/en/Global-Defense-Tactical-Radio-Strategic-Market-Report-2023-2030-Rise-in-need-for-End-to-End-Automated-Tactical-Radio-Field-Testing-Platform-as-Military-Attempts-to-Modernize-Equipm.html SIGINT Global Market https://www.researchdive.com/5478/signals-intelligence-sigint-market
milstar: https://www.rockwellcollins.com/-/media/Files/Unsecure/Products/Product_Brochures/EW-Intelligence/SIGINT/ANT-1040/ANT-1040_data_sheet.ashx GHZ db db 12.0 17.0 19.0 18.0 19.0 21.0 Azimuth squint Freq (GHz) Typ (deg) 0.5-2 ±4.0 2-12 ±1.5 12-18 ±1.2 18-40 ±3. Size 19.5 in (50 cm) diameter x 25 in (63.5 cm) height Weight – spinning 50 lbs (22.7 kg) max DF pedestal 25 lbs (11.25 kg) max ---------------- Practical Consideration Factors to Design Array Configuration of Direction Finding System for Airborne Signal Intelligence Therefore, an airborne antenna is usually confined to a type that can be relatively miniaturized compared with the ordinary volume or one with a plane radiation aperture. This means that the blade, spiral, and horn antennas become the preferred antennas based on the physical aspect. These types of antennas are relatively easy to mount on the skin of an aircraft. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2018/9185760/ communications emitters in the COMINT band generally have a vertical polarization and the radars in the ELINT band operate with both vertical and horizontal polarization When designing broadband DF arrays, there are typically two competing requirements. On the one hand, a narrow width for the main beam of an array pattern is desirable to achieve a high DF accuracy This can be achieved by designing the largest possible apertures, namely, large element spacing. On the other hand, a large bandwidth for the array is of practical interest, in order to achieve a good coverage of the frequency range As the frequency increases, however, the relative spacing of the antenna elements in terms of the wavelength becomes larger and the grating lobes increase, which degrades the DF performance. Hence, a tradeoff between a reasonable DF accuracy and bandwidth is inevitable. For desirable array configurations, design criteria such as the main beamwidth, bandwidth, and directional gain have to be considered. In summary, the following evaluation criteria should be considered in order to quantify the design criteria: the half-power beamwidth of the main beam, side lobe distance, directional gain with respect to an isotropic antenna element, RMS performance for DF accuracy, and bandwidth.
milstar: CRITICAL UNCLASSIFIED INFORMATION CRITICAL UNCLASSIFIED INFORMATION Future EW Capabilities COL Daniel Holland, ACM-EW Director https://events.afcea.org/Augusta21/Custom/Handout/Speaker0_Session8994_1.pdf
milstar: https://vii.sfu-kras.ru/images/libs/Radiolokacionnye_sistemy_SFU_elektronnyy_resurs.pdf
milstar: With the global military antenna market reaching $3.15 billion dollars in 2018, the incentives for rapid technological advancements are off the charts. https://www.rantecantennas.com/blog/phased-array-antenna-basics-a-comprehensive-guide/
полная версия страницы