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Operazionnie ysiliteli ,ZAP/AZP & (продолжение)
milstar: 1941: First (vacuum tube) op-amp An op-amp, defined as a general-purpose, DC-coupled, high gain, inverting feedback amplifier, is first found in US Patent 2,401,779 "Summing Amplifier" filed by Karl D. Swartzel Jr. of Bell labs in 1941. This design used three vacuum tubes to achieve a gain of 90dB and operated on voltage rails of ±350V. ###################################################### It had a single inverting input rather than differential inverting and non-inverting inputs, as are common in today's op-amps. Throughout World War II, Swartzel's design proved its value by being liberally used in the M9 artillery director designed at Bell Labs. ######################################################################### This artillery director worked with the SCR584 radar system to achieve extraordinary hit rates (near 90%) that ####################################################################### would not have been possible otherwise.[3] ########################### http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier
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milstar: AD9081 and AD9082 family of software defined, direct RF sampling transceivers. This family of devices consists of high performance digital-to-analog converters (DAC) and analog-to-digital converters (ADC) with configurable digital datapaths in support of processing signals or RF bands of varying bandwidth. T APPLICATIONS Wireless communications infrastructure Microwave point to point, E-band, and 5G mmWave Broadband communications systems DOCSIS 3.1 and 4.0 CMTS Phased array radar and electronic warfare Electronic test and measurement systems https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD9082.pdf
milstar: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD9652.pdf Military radar and communications Multimode digital receivers (3G or 4G) Test and instrumentation Smart antenna systems The AD9652 is a dual, 16-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with sampling speeds of up to 310 MSPS. It is designed to support demanding, high speed signal processing applications that require exceptional dynamic range over a wide input frequency range (up to 465 MHz). Its exceptional low noise floor of −157.6 dBFS and large signal spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) performance (exceeding 85 dBFS, typical) allows low level signals to be resolved in the presence of large signals.
milstar: 24 января глава "Роскосмоса" Юрий Борисов сообщил, что из-за санкций западных стран, предусматривающих запрет на поставку в РФ микроэлектроники, Россия договорилась с Китаем о закупке комплектующих для ракетно-космической техники. https://военное.рф/2023/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B54/
milstar: ADC12DJ3200QML-SP 6.4-GSPS, Single-Channel or 3.2-GSPS, Dual-Channel, 12-Bit, RF-Sampling Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) Radiation hardened Folding Interpolation 12 bit Price $11,342.100 | в партиях пo 1000 штук https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/adc12dj3200qml-sp.pdf?ts=1676792967511&ref_url=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.ti.com%252Fdata-converters%252Fadc-circuit%252Fhigh-speed%252Fproducts.html https://www.ti.com/data-converters/adc-circuit/high-speed/products.html#sort=p157max;desc
milstar: Figure 1. (Top) A sampler causes images (red) of the baseband signal fa (blue) to appear offset from the sampling frequency fS and its harmonics. (Bottom) The spectral offsets are equal to ±fa. Signals, noise, and interference spectra occurring near the sampling rate alias down to the baseband. Images will also appear in the upper Nyquist zones. The out of band signal energy, shown as fa (Figure 1, bottom), doesn’t have to come from an intended signal source. Instead, that energy could derive from noise sources, an out of band interferer, or distortion products created by circuit elements operating on the intended input signal. This is an important consideration when determining the requisite distortion performance for your application. You can reduce the amount of out of band signal energy that is available to the sampler by including a baseband antialiasing filter in the signal chain ahead of the sampler’s inputs. Though, theoretically, you could sample at only twice the highest frequency you’re interested in digitizing, so-called brickwall filters—filters with zero transition band—do not exist in the analog domain. Oversampling—sampling at a frequency greater than 2fS—provides some spectral space for the antialiasing filter’s transition band. https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/understanding-ac-behaviors-of-high-speed-adcs.html
milstar: Figure 4. A 5 MHz and 6 MHz two-tone input signal demonstrates HD2 (at 10 MHz and 12 MHz), HD3 (at 15 MHz and 18 MHz), IMD (at 1 MHz and 11 MHz), and IMD3 (at 4 MHz and 7 MHz). Of these, the IMD3 products are the hardest to attenuate with an antialiasing filter due to their close proximity to the source signals. https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/understanding-ac-behaviors-of-high-speed-adcs.html
milstar: https://www.ti.com/lit/ml/slaa594a/slaa594a.pdf?ts=1679897164324&ref_url=https%253A%252F%252Fduckduckgo.com%252F With the oversampling case of 200 MSPS, the 70 MHz is in the first Nyquist Zone and the filter can be easily designed in the first Nyquist zone. The second and third harmonics of 70 MHz falls well outside the first Nyquist Zone. A simple low-pass filter for the entire first Nyquist Zone (also called anti-aliasing filter) will remove the second and third harmonic components. Whereas, in the undersampling case, the analog filter in front of the ADC should provide adequate attenuation for the harmonics. The analog filter for the 70-MHz IF with 3 dB lower and upper cutoff above the 20 MHz of signal BW (close to 30-MHz bandwidth for the filter) should reject the second and third harmonics of 70 MHz (that is, 140 MHz and 210 MHz) at the input of the ADC for getting good distortion performance.
milstar: https://www.embeddedtechtrends.com/2023/PDF_Presentations/T07%20-%20Mercury%20Systems.pdf direct RF
milstar: https://www.mrcy.com/products/boards/fpga-analog-io-boards/DRF3182-3U-VPX-Board Electronic warfare, radar and ELINT applications demand direct RF solutions to deliver low-latency, fast data processing solutions for critical real-time decision-making. The DRF3182 offers heterogenous FPGA processing with explosive A/D & D/A speeds of 51.2 GSPS, Ku band frequency coverage from 2-18 GHz and six 100 GigE interfaces with an aggregate throughput of 75 GB/sec. Plus, COTS technology reduces time to market and fewer modules decreases system costs.
milstar: https://www.ti.com/lit/ml/slap084/slap084.pdf
milstar: Single 12-bit ADC (10.25 GSPS)/ Dual 16-bit DAC (12.6 GSPS) FMC+ Module (Vita57.4) http://www.hitechglobal.com/FMCModules/12-bitADC_10Gsps.htm
milstar: https://www.analog.com/media/en/news-marketing-collateral/product-selection-guide/rf-microwave-and-millimeter-wave-ic-selection-guide.pdf
milstar: Компания Huawei и ведущий китайский производитель чипов SMIC создали передовой 7-нанометровый процессор для своего новейшего смартфона, что является признаком того, что Пекин добился большого прогресса в общенациональном стремлении обойти усилия США по сдерживанию его технологического развития. Согласно анализу, проведенному TechInsights для Bloomberg News, Mate 60 Pro компании оснащен 7-нм чипами SMIC Huawei Mate 60 Pro оснащен новым чипом Kirin 9000s, который был изготовлен в Китае компанией Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corp., согласно данным разбора телефона, проведенного TechInsights для Bloomberg News. По данным исследовательской фирмы, этот процессор является первым, в котором используется самая передовая 7-нм технология SMIC, и это позволяет предположить, что китайское правительство добилось определенного прогресса в попытках создать отечественную экосистему чипов. https://vpk.name/news/768295_kitai_dobilsya_proryva_v_proizvodstve_sovremennyh_chipov.html?new#new
milstar: в начале сентября стало известно, что 7-нанометровые процессоры Kirin 9000s установлены в новый флагманский смартфон Huawei Mate 60 Pro. Телефон уже вышел на массовый рынок, и теперь сомнений насчет способности SMIC выпускать чипы в огромных партиях не осталось. Сама компания заявляет, что в 2023 году намерена выпустить 15 млн телефонов с чипами Kirin 9000s, а в 2024 году производство вырастет почти пятикратно — до 70 млн. https://iz.ru/1577718/dmitrii-migunov/chip-razdora-kitai-nanes-v-voine-sanktcii-otvetnyi-udar
milstar: With the introduction of the AD9213 and the large instantaneous bandwidth it supports, many new options are opened, not just for instrument-grade receivers, but also for direct RF sampling radios, SIGINT, and radar. New RF ADCs like the AD9213 are designed to provide ultrafast sample rates beyond 10 GSPS and sample bandwidths more than 8 GHz, enabling direct RF sampling for many applications. https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/wideband-receiver-for-5g-instrumentation-and-adef.html
milstar: oing to finer geometries allows circuit designers to implement faster circuits while maintaining the same power per transistor per MHz as the previous generation. As an example, take AD9680 and AD9695, which were designed using the 65 nm and 28 nm CMOS technology, respectively. At 1.25 GSPS and 1.3 GSPS, the AD9680 and AD9695 burn 3.7 W and 1.6 W, respectively. This shows that for the same architecture, give or take, the same circuit can burn about half the power on a 28 nm process as it did on a 65 nm process. The corollary to that is you can run the same circuit at twice the speed on 28 nm process, as you did at 65 nm while burning the same amount of power. The AD9208 illustrates this to a good extent. https://www.planetanalog.com/why-are-there-all-these-power-domains-for-high-speed-adcs/ he AD9467 utilizes the 180 nm BiCMOS process, whereas the AD9208 utilizes the 28 nm CMOS process. Granted, the AD9467 has a noise density of about –157 dBFS/Hz, while the AD9208 has a noise density of about –152 dBFS/Hz. However, if one were to do a simple data sheet exercise, take the total power (per channel), and divide it by the resolution and sample rate, then you can see that the AD9467 consumes about 330 μW/bit/MSPS, whereas the AD9208 only consumes 40μW/bit/MSPS. Compared to the AD9467, the AD9208 has much higher sample rate (3 GSPS vs. 250 MSPS), much higher input bandwidth (9 GHz vs. 0.9 GHz), and way more digital features packed into it. The AD9208 does all this and consumes about 1/8th the power per bit, per MSPS. The power per bit, per MSPS is not an industry standard metric and is being used in this case to point out the benefits of utilizing a smaller geometry process in ADC design.
milstar: Flexible 3.2-GSPS Multichannel AFE Reference Design for DSOs, RADAR, and 5G Wireless Test Systems https://www.ti.com/lit/ug/tiduda6a/tiduda6a.pdf?ts=1702317702968&ref_url=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.ti.com%252Ftool%252FTIDA-01022 https://www.ti.com/tool/TIDA-01022
milstar: he two largest spurious signals of concern in a direct RF sampling architecture are the second harmonic distortion (HD2) and third harmonic distortion (HD3). These spurs can occur within a single Nyquist zone of the ADC , or they could alias, or wrap around, an adjacent Nyquist zone and come back into the desired band. Two examples illustrate this concept. A high speed ADC with a sample rate of 6 GSPS has a first Nyquist zone from DC to 3 GHz, and a second Nyquist zone from 3 GHz to 6 GHz. An input sine wave at a carrier frequency of 800 MHz would create an HD2 product at 1.6 GHz and an HD3 product at 2.4 GHz—in this case, the input tone, HD2, and HD3 are all in the same Nyquist zone. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For the second case, increase the carrier frequency from 800 MHz to 1.8 GHz. Now the HD2 product would fall at 3.6 GHz, and the HD3 product would fall at 5.4 GHz—both of which are in the second Nyquist zone. These HD2 and HD3 products will alias to the first Nyquist zone at 2.4 GHz and 600 MHz, respectively. The HD2 product alias in the first Nyquist zone will occur at 2.4 GHz, and the HD3 product alias in the first Nyquist zone will occur at 600 MHz. What is interesting in the second use case is that now the HD2 and HD3 products are both above and below the desired tone. Optimizing this frequency planning is critical for the direct RF sampling architecture and engineer tone 1800 mhz ------------------------------- HD2 product would fall at 3.6 GHz, HD3 product would fall at 5.4 GHz ----------------------------------------------- HD2 and HD3 products will alias to the first Nyquist zone at 2.4 GHz and 600 MHz, hat is interesting in the second use case is that now the HD2 and HD3 products are both above and below the desired tone. 600mhz -Tone 1800mhz -2400 mhz -3600 mhz-5400mhz ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For a direct RF sampling archi- tecture, this question can be interpreted as “how much instantaneous bandwidth can I achieve while avoiding HD2, HD3, and their alias products?” s reviewed, oversampling is important for spurious planning, but it is equally important for noise performance. In a heterodyne receiver, where the ADC sample rate is well matched to the required bandwidth, the noise performance of the data converter directly maps to the noise performance of the receiver https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/tech-articles/considering-gsps-adcs-in-rf-systems.pdf The IIP3 of the AD9082 is greater than 10 dB higher than the NF of the device. This is a critical aspect of dynamic range, indicating that the device is capable of with- standing very large interfering signals while still detecting smaller desired signals. As a point of reference, a high performance mixer often has an NF of ~10 dB and an IIP3 of >20 dBm, also showing a >10 dB gap between the two specifications. For spurious and noise planning, it makes sense to show the charts together. Figure 2 shows the SFDR and SNR plot for the AD9082 for a 1.2 GHz single-tone input For all decimation settings above 8× the SFDR of the AD9082 is roughly 100 dB or higher. The FFTs of the first and last data point show this increase in performance. Proper frequency planning results in the HD2, HD3, and other spurious products to fall out of band of the desired tone at 1.2 GHz, increasing the SFDR inside of the desired instantaneous bandwidth 6000mhz/(2x8)=375 mhz SFDR 375 mhz Tone 1200 mhz band 1012.5 mhz .1387.5 mhz --------------------------------------------------------------- AD9082 can be programmed to many modalities. In a wideband mode, the AD9082 can achieve SNR of ~56 dBFS and SFDR of ~70 dBc, and through a software reconfiguration to a narrow-band mode the AD9082 can achieve SNR of ~73 dBFS and SFDR of ~105 dBc. That flexibility between narrow-band and wideband modes while maintaining best-in-class performance in both is unique to devices like the AD9082 ------------------------ Intel/Altera FPGA https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/programmable/683157/current/jesd204c-and-adi-ad9081-ad9082-mxfe.html . JESD204C Intel® FPGA IP and ADI AD9081/AD9082 MxFE* Hardware Checkout Report for Intel® Stratix® 10 E-Tile Devices
milstar: https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/analog/article/21278090/how-to-build-wide-dynamic-range-systems-part-1 How to Build Wide-Dynamic-Range Systems (Part 1)
milstar: How to Select the Best ADC for Radar Phased Array Applications - Part 2 Phased array radar ADCs also need high linearity (that is, IP3 > 22 dBm). When evaluating SNDR, know whether it includes interleave spurs, and make sure spectral regions aren’t cherry-picked. https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/select-the-best-adc-for-radar-phased-array-apps-part2.html Over the next 5 to 10 years, every-element digital phased array will ramp in technology readiness and viability at increasingly better performance. To get there, new state-of-the-art ADCs will put a higher emphasis on lowering DC power while maintaining sample rate and ENOB. ADC sample rate capability will continue to push higher and grab headlines but might benefit wideband applications like EW more than phased array. The phased array market will figure out a sample rate sweet spot (10 GSPS to 20 GSPS?) and then the market winners will provide the best ENOB at lowest power. https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/hybrid-beamforming-receiver-dynamic-range.html The 4-channel microwave up/downconverter then connects to a digitizer IC that contains four analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and four digital-to-analog converters (DACs). The ADCs sample at 4 GSPS whereas the DACs sample at 12 GSPS AD9081 ? Part 1 constructs an RF cascade model for a phased array receiver for the purpose of analyzing the impact of RF and digital channel summation on dynamic range and DC power. The model is built in excel and consists of: RF front end Variable RF channel summation Analog-to-digital converter High speed digital Interface and basic compute. Variable digital channel summation https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/select-the-best-adc-for-radar-phased-array-apps-part1.html For example, a hard max DC power limit of 100 mW per ADC requires a compromise in sample rate and ENOB that is optimal for the phased array radar. At 60 GSPS, a 6 ENOB ADC is possible at the current state of the art. Lowering the sample rate to 10 GSPS allows an increase in dynamic range to ENOB = 8.7. In a radar application, for example, 60 GSPS at ENOB = 6 could be completely useless, and 10 GSPS at ENOB = 8.7 is required. The higher sampling might be nice to have but the ENOB and power limit are often higher priority system critical limits. So, a compromise uses the 10 GSPS ADC to achieve the required ENOB at the required DC power. https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/select-the-best-adc-for-radar-phased-array-apps-part1.html
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