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Operazionnie ysiliteli ,ZAP/AZP & (ïðîäîëæåíèå)
milstar: 1941: First (vacuum tube) op-amp An op-amp, defined as a general-purpose, DC-coupled, high gain, inverting feedback amplifier, is first found in US Patent 2,401,779 "Summing Amplifier" filed by Karl D. Swartzel Jr. of Bell labs in 1941. This design used three vacuum tubes to achieve a gain of 90dB and operated on voltage rails of ±350V. ###################################################### It had a single inverting input rather than differential inverting and non-inverting inputs, as are common in today's op-amps. Throughout World War II, Swartzel's design proved its value by being liberally used in the M9 artillery director designed at Bell Labs. ######################################################################### This artillery director worked with the SCR584 radar system to achieve extraordinary hit rates (near 90%) that ####################################################################### would not have been possible otherwise.[3] ########################### http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier
milstar: The advantages already mentioned include the ability to sample at high IF frequencies. • The disadvantages today include: – The instantaneous bandwidth is still limited by the sampling rate of the A/D. – The dynamic range of the sample and hold is limited at high RF frequencies http://www.lnxcorp.com/Files/Wideband.pdf • Radar Warning Receivers (RWR) need wideband receivers to detect possible threats: – Possible threats may occupy a very wide band in frequency (2-18 GHz) – Threats may overlap in time or frequency. – Systems must search entire frequency space continuously and in real time. • Current state-of-the-art seems to include >1 GHz real-time processing bandwidth with 50-60 dB of dynamic range. • Analog Receiver Approach – The performance of a wideband receiver that “sees” entire band will be limited by noise (kTB). – An analog receiver with multiple filters can be used to limit noise bandwidth. – As you add filters to cover band while reducing bandwidth, complexity increases greatly. – Coherent detection with mixer and multiple LOs is even more complex. • Can a “digital” receiver be used to search or cover the band? This receiver can achieve good sensitivity but can only cover a portion of the band at any given time. • Unable to recover phase information. Analog Receiver with Filter Bank • This receiver can achieve good sensitivity and cover the entire band but is much more complex due to the large filter bank. • Again, with a simple detector, sensitivity is limited, and you are unable to recover phase information. • Digital Receivers often employ a technique referred to as band pass or super-Nyquist sampling. • Digitizing is a similar process to mixing. The spectrum is replicated out to plus and minus infinity at intervals of Fs, the sampling rate. •For example, for a signal that appears in the third Nyquist zone (section B); a replica will appear in the other Nyquist zones. Replicas of the original signal fa in the third Nyquist zone also appear as fa' in the first Nyquist zone and fa'' in the 5th Nyquist zone. • The analog bandwidth of the A/D must be wide enough to support band pass sampling. • Dual Channel, wideband data acquisition and real-time signal processing module • Input bandwidth DC – 3 GHz • 2.20 Gsa/sec, 10-bit analogdigital converter • Real-time DSP using Xilinx Virtex-IV Field Programmable Gate Arrays • VME, HotlinkTM, and RS232 interfaces. • Ruggedized, conduction cooled design
milstar: Typical characteristics from 1200 to 1400 MHz, fSAMPLE = 1.6 Gsa/sec – SFDR > 60 dB – SNR > 46 db – IMD > 60 dB (f1 = 1145 MHz, f2 = 1155 MHz). – Flatness < +/- 0.4 dB. 1250 MHz input sampled T.e. polosa signala wsego 200 mgz ,a nuzno 1000 mgz (250 mm razreschenie) http://www.lnxcorp.com/Files/Wideband.pdf at 1.6 Gsa/s
milstar: With our communication heritage as our proud legacy, LNX is committed to providing mission critical components, multi-function assemblies, transceivers, and digital products that keep our forces and nation out of harm’s way. Team spirit is alive at LNX as we work together to overcome your system’s design challenges. Over the last decade, LNX has manufactured hardware for some of the most critical initiatives in military and homeland security programs, as well as high level commercial communications projects. Our products have been proudly deployed in military radar and communications, radio astronomy, missile guidance, UAV data links, EW and ECM fighter aircraft, shipboard radar and communications, remote sensing systems, and ground based satellite systems. With our broad range of product expertise, we are able to provide cost effective, highly reliable solutions our customer’s needs ranging from individual components to highly integrated and intricate multi-function assemblies. Markets Served Military/Aerospace * Electronic Warfare (EW/ECM) * Radar * Communications * Surveillance * Navigation, Guidance National Security * Signal Acquisition * Spectrum Monitoring Commercial * Radio Astronomy * Communication Applications include: * Radar Warning Receivers * Radar Jammers * SIGINT (Signal Intelligence) * Perimeter "Fences" * IED Countermeasures * Microwave and Millimeter Wave Communications * Missile Seekers * Digital Point-to-Point Radios http://www.lnxcorp.com/Markets.cfm
milstar: Dlja radara C band 5.8 gigagerz ,kotorij ispolzowalsjaw programme Appolo 16 bit ADC podxodjat otlichno The AN/FPS-16 is a highly accurate ground-based monopulse single object tracking radar (SOTR), used extensively by the NASA manned space program and the U.S. Air Force. The accuracy of Radar Set AN/FPS-16 is such that the position data obtained from point-source targets has azimuth and elevation angular errors of less than 0.1 milliradian (approximately 0.006 degree) and range errors of less than 5 yards (5 m) with a signal-to-noise ratio of 20 decibels or greater. The radar utilizes a 12-foot (4 m) parabolic antenna giving a beamwidth of 1.2 degrees at the half-power points. The range system utilizes either a 1.0, 0.5, or 0.25-microsecond pulse and the prf can be set by pushbuttons. Twelve repetition frequencies between 341 and 1707 pulses per second can be selected. A jack is provided through which the modulator can be pulsed by an external source. By means of external modulation, a code of from 1 to 5 pulses may be used. The sum, azimuth, and elevation signals are converted to 30 MHz IF signals and amplified. *************************************************************************** Promezutochnaja chastota 30 mhz ,polosa signala -8 mhz y sowremennix 16-bit Linear tech,National Semiconductor ,TI i Analog Device Fin do 300 mhz i 250 megasamle 8mgz polosa-eto minimum 16 megasample The phases of the elevation and azimuth signals are then compared with the sum signal to determine error polarity. These errors are detected, commutated, amplified, and used to control the antenna-positioning servos. A part of the reference signal is detected and used as a video range tracking signal and as the video scope display. A highly precise antenna mount is required to maintain the accuracy of the angle system. N/FPS-16 RADAR SET TYPICAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ------------------------ Type of presentation: Dual-trace CRT, A/R and R type displays. Transmitter data - Nominal Power: 1 MW peak (fixed-frequency magnetron); 250 kW peak (tunable magnetron). Frequency Fixed: 5480 plus or minus 30 MHz Tunable: 5450 to 5825 MHz Pulse repetition frequency (internal): 341, 366, 394, 467, 569, 682, 732, 853, 1024, 1280, 1364 or 1707 pulses per second Pulse width: 0.25, 0.50, 1.0 µs Code groups: 5 pulses max, within 0.001 duty cycle limitation of transmitter. Radar receiver data - Noise Figure: 11 dB Intermediate Frequency: 30 MHz ------------------------------------- Bandwidth: 8 MHz ----------------------- Narrow Bandwidth: 2 MHz Dynamic Range of Gain Control: 93 dB Gate width Tracking: 0.5 µs, 0.75 µs, 1.25 µs Acquisition: 1.0 µs, 1.25 µs, 1.75 µs Coverage Range: 500 to {{convert|400000|yd|m|-5|abbr=on}} Azimuth: 360° continuous Elevation: minus 10 to plus 190 degrees Servo bandwidth Range: 1 to 10 Hz (var) Angle: 0.25 to 5 Hz (var) Operating power requirements: 115 V AC, 60 Hz, 50 kV·A, 3 phase http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/FPS-16
milstar: Milstar-2 uplink44ghz/downlink 20ghz Dwojnoe preobrazowanie chastoti **************************** Bez sjurprizow ( odinarnoe- srazu AZP) ********************************** http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/bss/factsheets/government/milstar_ii/milstar_ii.html Radio Frequency Subsystem (RFSS) The RF subsystem includes the processing and receiving components and the downlink group. The processing and receive group performs the following four payload functions: * amplifies, dehops, and downconverts the EHF waveform to the first intermediate frequency (IF) via the low-noise amplifier/downconverter; * receives, amplifies, downconverts, and switches the first IF to the second IF for input to one of four demodulator groups of eight channels each; * employs a differential phase shift key (DPSK) to modulate and upconvert onto a hopped SHF carrier for input to the downlink group; and * generates and distributes the hopping and fixed local oscillators for the antenna coverage subsystem, digital subsystem and RFSS. The downlink group amplifies, filters and switches, on a hop-by-hop basis, the SHF waveform to any of the eight antennas. The SHF amplifiers are triple-redundant traveling wave tube amplifiers. Switching capability is provided by a high speed/high power beam select switch
milstar: http://www.ll.mit.edu/HPEC/agendas/proc06/Day1/10_Miller_Abstract.pdf
milstar: Ka band NASA ACTS satellite Antenna 1.2 metra uplink 8 megabps ,downlik 45 megabps Intermediate freuquency 3000-4000 mhz ,downlink bandwidth 1000 mhz dlj 622mbit/sec 5.5 metra D antenna terminala i 70 mhz dlja USAT VSAT 758mhz transmit IF ,1620 received IF http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/reports/2000/TP-2000-210047.pdf Dlja 70 mhz podxodjat rjad 16 -bitnix AZP
milstar: dlja terminala s apperturoj 35 sm odnopreobrazowaniechastoti -70 mhz neuschaja http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/reports/1997/TM-113126.pdf
milstar: http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~saraband/KSIEEE/J41IEEETGRSAug02Nashashibi.pdf primer 94 ghz radar 94.5-95.34 ghz 1-j geterodin 89.5 ghz 1-ja IF 5 -5.84 ghz 2-j geterodin 5 ghz 3 smesitelja V,H,Reference 3 signala 0-840 mgz k DO / 4 kanalnij zifrowoj oscilograf s 4 kanalami po 500 mhz polosoj i skorostju 2 gigasample
milstar: http://www.ll.mit.edu/HPEC/agendas/proc09/Day2/S4_1405_Song_pdf.ppt Lincoln laboratory nonlinear equalisation processor Radar, ELINT, SIGINT, Comm receiver systems must support high dynamic range operation – – HPEC 2009-3 WSS 9/23/2009 To detect small targets/signals in interference/clutter environment High signal-to-noise ratio and linearity required Ywelichenie dinamicheskogo diapazona na 20-25 db za schet podawlenija intermod. iskazenij zakaznaya is Lincoln laboratory dlja MAx108 na 1.5 gigasample ywelichenie din.diapazona s 55 do 76 db za schet podawlenija intermod iskazenij dlja drugix ADC pomensche dlja 16 razrjadnogo ltc2209 pri polose signala 30 mhz (nesuschaja mozet bit do 300 mhz i wische) wiigrisch 12 db
milstar: link wische poprawka http://www.ll.mit.edu/HPEC/agendas/proc09/Day2/S4_1405_Song_presentation.pdf Nonlinear equalizer processor can reduce nonlinear distortion levels in analog and mixed signal circuitry • Equivalent to having devices 10-20 years ahead of their time ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Process Ibm 0.13 microna ( w Rossii est) Up to 4,000MSPS • Selectable bit widths – input Wideband NLEQ Processor IC Layout Package Up to 12 bits – Up to 16 bits output ----------------------------------------- • LVDS and CMOS I/O • Programmable coefficients And BGA g • Block floati --------------------------- NLEQ500 Processor • Up to 500MSPS • Selectable bit widths – input IBM 0.13μm Die Up to 18 bits – Up to 22 bits output ------------------------------------------ • Low voltage CMOS I/O • Programmable configuration and coefficients • Block floating point residue arithmetic • Yield 14/15 for LowVt and 14/15 for RegVt
milstar: +21 db w NLEQ4000 dlja Max108 1.5 gsps http://datasheets.maxim-ic.com/en/ds/MAX108.pdf SFDR Fin 750 mhz -54.1 db ,s processorom -75 db MAX109 na 1.3 ghz +12 db http://datasheets.maxim-ic.com/en/ds/MAX109.pdf
milstar: X-Band Receiver-on-Chip (RoC) Development Based on NLEQ DSP • Linear dynamic range limited by the final NLEQ IF amplifier – NLEQ DSP to linearize the amplifier and ADC • High performance and low power achieved with new analog/digital co-design paradigm MIT Lincoln Laboratory HPEC 2009-25 WSS 9/23/2009 • Single die receiver implementation being explored • Linearity enhancement required by DoD/commercial sensor/receiver applications – Phased array sensors/receivers – Frequency channelized sensors/receivers • MIT LL has developed high-throughput low-power nonlinear equalization signal processor ICs – Massively parallel systolic architecture – Polyphase distributed arithmetic processing – Block floating point residue number arithmetic – Full custom low-threshold-voltage dynamic logic • Successful demonstration results – >20 dB linearity improvement – NLEQ4000 Up to 4GSPS, <1.25W Up to 12 bit ADCs – NLEQ500 Up to 500MSPS, <0.25W Up to 18bit ADCs
milstar: http://www.pentek.com/products/Detail.cfm?Model=78660
milstar: Texas Instruments ADS5485 16 bit 200 msps 9/24/2008 Analog Device AD9467 16 bit 250 msps September 30, 2010 za dwa goda progress 50 msps Esli sdwoit to 500 msps = polosa 250 mghz = razreschenie =1 metr LTC2209 +12 db ot NLEQ Lincoln laboratory .smotri stat'ju wische ... http://cds.linear.com/docs/Datasheet/2209fa.pdf 250MHz Input (2.25V Range, PGA = 0) 75 db 250MHz Input (1.5V Range, PGA = 1) 84 db
milstar: Nyquist's sampling theorem states that if a signal is sampled at least twice as fast as the highest sampled frequency component, no information will be lost when the signal is reconstructed. The sample rate divided by two (Fs/2) is known as the Nyquist frequency and the frequency range from DC (or 0 Hz) to Fs/2 is called the first Nyquist zone. #################################################################### Maxim Integrated Products has introduced the MAX109, which the company claims to be the industry's highest-performance, 8bit, 2.2GSps ADC. The device offers excellent wideband dynamic performance that has been optimized for capturing input frequencies in the second Nyquist zone, said Maxim. ############################################## Fabricated using an advanced SiGe process, MAX109 integrates a high-performance track/hold (T/H) amplifier, a quantizer and a 1:4 demultiplexer on a single monolithic die. At a sample rate of 2.2GSps and an input frequency of 300MHz, the ADC achieves a spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of 62dBc and an SNR of 45dB. The SNR remains flat (within 1.6dB) for input frequencies all the way up to 2GHz.
milstar: Full-scale SINAD and SNR, though adequate for single-tone input signals, can't provide the complete picture for the myriad signals and broad bands of spectrum present in wideband radios. Multiple-tone testing and SFDR power sweeps are more informative. Sample rate: Many wide band radios mix down the RF spectrum to baseband (a range of signals from dc to some upper frequency) using wide-dynamic-range, ultra-high-intercept-point mixers such as the AD831 (Analog Dialogue 28-2, pp. 3-5). Converters for such radios require a sample rate at least twice the highest frequency (Nyquist rate), i.e., 20 MSPS minimum for signal range from dc to 10 MHz, and generally with at least 20% additional margin, raising the required encode rate to about 25 MSPS. http://www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/29-2/wdbndradios.html Drive and filtering: An alternative to baseband sampling is to sample an IF signal that is in the second or third Nyquist zone [i.e., from (N-1)F(s)/2 to NF(s)/2]. Thus, the second Nyquist zone is from F(s)/2 to F(s) ; the third is from F(s) to (3/2)F(s). For F(s) = 25 MSPS, the second zone is 12.5 MHz to 25 MHz; the third is 25-37.5 MHz. Using a higher zone can greatly relax the driving amplifier's harmonic requirements because filtering is much easier for frequencies above the first Nyquist zone.
milstar: Fastest ever 12bit ADC Steve Bush Monday 24 May 2010 13:17 http://www.electronicsweekly.com/Articles/2010/05/25/48698/fastest-ever-12bit-adc.htm National Semiconductor is claiming a world record for its 3.6Gsample/s 12bit A-D converter. ############################################################# "It is the fastest 12bit available," Paul McCormack, product marketing manager at the firm told EW. "The ADC12D1800 is 3.6 times faster than any other available 12bit device." ################### On sdwoennij 2*1.8 gigasample .Konkurent Texas Instruments 1*1 gigasample Designed at the firm's Munich office, the chip has been made on National's in-house 0.18µm CMOS process. ###################################################################### Texnologija 0.18 microna w Rossii dawno est "It is just CMOS cells," said McCormack, "no bipolars and no exotics like SiGe." ################################################## The device can be pin selected to operate as one 12bit 3.6Gsample/s converter, or two 12bit 1.8Gsample/s converters. "There are two converters, interleaved internally," McCormack explained. The architecture is folding and interpolating which is similar to the flash architecture, but re-uses comparators in several stages. ################################################################################### In flash converters there is a single bank of one-comparator-per-output-level - over 4,000 for 12bits. Click here for more information! With far fewer comparators, the converter takes less power and occupies less die area. However, because banks of comparators are reused, the conversion latency is longer than a flash converter - in this case, 13, 13.5, 14 or 14.5µs ############################################################################################ depending on demultiplexing ratio - see below. Dynamic performance is: -147dBm/Hz noise floor, 52dB noise power ratio (NPR) and -61dBFS intermodulation distortion (IMD). "The internal track-and-hold amplifier and self-calibration scheme enable a very flat response of all dynamic parameters for input frequencies exceeding 2GHz, while providing an 10-18 code error rate," said National. The device is aimed at software-defined radios and can ingest the whole DC to 2.8GHz band through its 100Ω differential front-end. Should buffering, single-ended to differential conversion, level shifting, or gain be required, the 2.8GHz bandwidth LMH6554 SiGe bipolar amplifier is available. Data throughput is such that most DSPs would be swamped by the 12x3.6Gsample/s output. "In most applications, the output of the ADC will go to an FPGA for digital down conversion before the DSP," said McCormack. Although the output can be configured to deliver 12 bit of parallel data at 3.6Gbit/s, to ease data handling the chip has 96 LVDS data outputs on 192 pins. "Operated as two converters across 96 outputs, the data rate drops to 900Mbit/s," explained McCormack. Intermediate de-multiplexing values can be set, with the de-multiplexers delay being responsible for the device's variable latency. Power consumption is 4.1W at 3.6Gsample/s, dropping linearly through 3.4W at 2Gsample/s Applications are foreseen in satellite receivers, microwave backhauls for phone basestation, radar, and optical links. "In next-generation multi-channel set-top box applications, one ADC12D1X00 can replace all of the tuners," claimed National. "Shifting such architectures to software-defined radio dramatically reduces board area, power consumption, and cost, while significantly improving system flexibility." The ADCs run off a single 1.9V rail, and there are two slower versions: ADC12D1000 and ADC12D1600, offering 2x1 and 2x1.6Gsample/s respectively. "They include circuitry for multi-chip synchronisation, programmable gain and offset adjustment per channel," said National. Devices come in 292 ball, thermally enhanced BGA packages which are pin-compatible with the earlier 10bit ADC10D1000 and ADC10D1500. Space-qualified version will be supplied in a hermetic 376 column, ceramic column grid array that meets radiation levels of 120MeV for single event latch-up and a total ionizing dose of 100Krads. Production quantities are scheduled for the third quarter of 2010. Price has yet to be disclosed.
milstar: Folding interpolating ################# 1.National Semiconductor ADC12D1X00 -folding interpolating 3.6 gsps 12 bit est versija stojaka k radiazii http://www.national.com/ds/DC/ADC12D1800.pdf 2. Atmel 10 bit SiGe 75 ghz 2.2 gsps dlja SAR kosmisheskogo bazirowanija ,stoikij k radiazii folding interpolating http://www.atmel.com/journal/documents/issue6/Pg43_48_CodePatch.pdf 3. An 8-bit, 12.5GS/s Folding-Interpolating Analog-to-Digital 190 GHZ SiGe diplomnaja rabota https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/17508 .pdf file na linke
milstar: If wide-bandwidth ADCs are available, a single down-conversion can be used, as illustrated in Figure 1.2, thus improving the linearity of the receiver. Using such an approach, in a satellite communication system, with an RF 64QAM signal in the 10-30GHz range, one down-conversion results in an IF signal in the 1-3GHz range. In this case, the high-speed ADC must have an input bandwidth of 3GHz with a typical resolution of 8bits*. The sampling frequency of the ADC must be higher than the Nyquist rate to compensate for performance degradation near the Nyquist bandwidth. *Higher-order modulation schemes (such as 256 QAM) impose more stringent requirements on the SNR performance of the ADC and thus resolution
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